References: Lecithin
Biophys J. 1994 Oct;67(4):1733-42.
Structural characterization of the micelle-vesicle transition in lecithin-bile salt solutions.
Long MA, Kaler EW, Lee SP.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (QLS) are used to characterize the aggregates found upon dilution of mixed lecithin-bile salt micelles. Molar ratios of lecithin (L) to taurocholate (TC) studied varied from 0.1 to 1, and one series contained cholesterol (Ch). Mixed aggregates of L and taurodeoxycholate (TDC) at ratios of 0.4 and 1 were also examined. In all cases the micelles are cylindrical or globular and elongate upon dilution. The radius of the mixed micelles varies only slightly with the overall composition of lecithin and bile salt which indicates that the composition of the cylindrical micelle body is nearly constant. The transition from micelles to vesicles is a smooth transformation involving a region where micelles and vesicles coexist. SANS measurements are more sensitive to the presence of two aggregate populations than QLS. Beyond the coexistence region the vesicle size and degree of polydispersity decrease with dilution. Incorporation of a small amount of cholesterol in the lipid mixture does not affect the sequence of observed aggregate structures.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7819505&dopt=Abstract lecithin
Invest Radiol. 1993 Jun;28(6):502-6.
Enhancement of the echogenicity of flowing blood by the contrast agent perflubron.
Andre MP, Steinbach G, Mattrey RF.
Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. Perflubron, or perfluorooctylbromide, is an effective ultrasound and computed tomography contrast agent in a lecithin emulsion form. The authors studied acoustical properties of perflubron emulsion in static human and flowing porcine blood for concentrations from 0% to 30% weight per volume. METHODS. Propagation velocity (c), the intensity attenuation coefficient (mu), density (rho), and particle size were measured directly. Because the backscatter of flowing blood is dependent on shear rate, relative echogenicity was measured as a function of perflubron concentration in whole porcine blood, in a laminar flow system, at shear rates of 16.0 to 68.5 sec-1 for realtime sector scanner images obtained at 7.5 MHz. RESULTS. Neat perflubron is a colorless liquid with density of 1.93 g.mL-1 and velocity of 630 m.sec-1. The following values were obtained at 4.7 MHz in static human blood (hematocrit 44%) at expected human in vivo blood concentrations of 3.1% perflubron versus pure human blood: rho = 1.11 versus 1.05 g.mL-1, c = 1,480 versus 1,576 m.sec-1, mu = 1.00 versus 0.36 dB.cm-1. The mean echogenicity of whole porcine blood increased substantially with perflubron concentration and was inversely proportional to blood shear rate. CONCLUSION. Adding 3.1% concentration of perflubron increased image echogenicity at all shear rates studied, ranging from 70% at 68.5 sec-1 (16.3 cm.sec-1) up to 180% at 16.0 sec-1 (3.8 cm.sec-1). Perflubron enhancement of blood is marked and demonstrates shear rate dependence like that of whole blood.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8320067&dopt=Abstract lecithin
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1992 Nov;100(5):391-9.
[Effects of green tea extract on galactosamine-induced hepatic injury in rats]
[Article in Japanese]
Hayashi M, Yamazoe H, Yamaguchi Y, Kunitomo M.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
The present study examined the preventive effects of green tea extract on D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced hepatic injury in rats, an animal model of viral hepatitis. A single i.p.-injection of GalN (700 mg/kg) to male Wistar rats caused fulminant hepatitis by 48 hr as assessed by marked increases in the serum aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities; decreases in the serum protein and cholesterol levels and the amount of liver microsome P-450; and marked changes in organ weights. The lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity markedly increased at 8 hr and markedly decreased at 24 hr after the GalN injection. In the experiment, animals were orally administered green tea extract at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg five times each before and after the GalN injection. Treatment with green tea extract significantly prevented the increases in the GOT, GPT and ALP activities in a dose-related manner. It also significantly prevented the decreases in serum albumin and total cholesterol, although not in a dose-related manner. A tendency to prevent the increase in LCAT activity and the decrease in liver microsome P-450 was also noted. Little effect was found on the other abnormal changes in the serum lipids and proteins and the organ weights. These results suggest that green tea may have an ameliorating effect on hepatic dysfunction.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1464398&dopt=Abstract lecithin
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