References: Lecithin
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1992 Jun;38(2):97-100.
Amniotic fluid turbidity: a useful adjunct for assessing fetal pulmonary maturity status.
Strong TH Jr, Hayes AS, Sawyer AT, Folkestad B, Mills S, Sugden P.
Phoenix Perinatal Associates, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Arizona.
A rapid, very simple technique for establishing fetal pulmonary maturity status is presented. Among 100 receiving amniocenteses, aspiration of turbid amniotic fluid that would not permit the reading of newsprint through it was associated with a lecithin/sphingomyelin (LS) ratio of greater than or equal to 2.0, or the presence of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) in 97% (specificity 98%, positive predictive value 97%). The authors conclude that when turbid fluid is aspirated, delay until LS and PG results are known may not be necessary.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1356852&dopt=Abstract lecithin
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992 Mar;56(3):477-80.
Properties of agents that effectively entrap liquid lipids.
Imagi J, Yamanouchi T, Okada K, Tanimoto M, Matsuno R.
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan.
A droplet of an oil-in-water emulsion of methyl linoleate in a saccharide or protein solution that contained with a surfactant, a stabilizer, or both was dehydrated by drying equipment for a single droplet that resembled a spray drier. The lipid exposed on the surface of dehydated samples was extracted and measured by gas chromatography. Gum arabic or gelatin without additives resulted in little lipid being exposed; they were good entrapping agents. Little lipid was exposed with a pullulan solution containing lecithin, sugar ester, carboxymethylcellulose, or sodium caseinate but much was exposed with a maltodextrin solution containing any of the surfactants tested. When both the surfactant lecithin and the stabilizer xanthan gum were added to the emulsion prepared in a maltodextrin solution, lipid was not detected. The results suggested that effective entrapping agents of liquid lipids cause much emulsification, stabilize the emulsion (that is, they cause the continuous phase to be very viscous), and create a dehydrated matrix of fine, dense network layers.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1368332&dopt=Abstract lecithin
J Lipid Res. 1988 Oct;29(10):1349-57.
Lipid transfers between reconstituted high density lipoprotein complexes and low density lipoproteins: effects of plasma protein factors.
Jonas A, Kezdy KE, Williams MI, Rye KA.
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois 61801.
In this study we examined the transfer of lipids between reconstituted high density lipoprotein discs (r-HDL) and human low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the presence and absence of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) or of plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). We found that spontaneous transfer of phospholipids from r-HDL to LDL occurred by an apparent first order reaction with a half-time of 5.8 to 6.9 hr depending on the phospholipid. During the time of incubation of r-HDL with LDL (from 0 to 25 hr), the phospholipid content of r-HDL decreased more than 30%, the free cholesterol content increased 2.5-fold, and low levels of cholesteryl esters appeared in r-HDL. These compositional changes gave rise to small discoidal particles with a limiting diameter of 77 A and two molecules of apoA-I per particle. When LCAT was included in the reaction mixture, the r-HDL lost even more phospholipid, lost some free cholesterol, and gained cholesteryl esters relative to the apolipoprotein content, due to the enzymatic reaction. The products of the LCAT reaction had a diameter of 93 A and three, rather than two, apoA-I molecules per particle. Inclusion of PLTP into the reaction mixture accelerated the transfer of phospholipids (half-time of 1.7 hr) and the formation of the 77 A product. In addition to these compositional and morphological changes, which may be important in the interconversions of native HDL subspecies, the prolonged incubations revealed some slow reactions, such as the esterification of LDL cholesterol by LCAT, a background formation of cholesteryl esters in r-HDL, and an apparent hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in LDL in the presence of r-HDL.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=314&dopt=Abstract lecithin
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