References: Lecithin
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Oct;169(4):951-5.
Neonatal morbidity after preterm delivery in the presence of documented lung maturity.
Wigton TR, Tamura RK, Wickstrom E, Atkins V, Deddish R, Socol ML.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois.
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the incidence of significant neonatal morbidity in fetuses with documented pulmonary maturity delivered before 37 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 213 pregnancies with documented fetal lung maturity (lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio > or = 2.0 or phosphatidylglycerol present) and delivery before 37 weeks was performed. The incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, infectious morbidity, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission to the special care nursery was determined for those pregnancies with intact membranes and preterm premature rupture of membranes. RESULTS: Serious neonatal morbidity declined with advancing gestational age and was less common after 32 completed weeks of pregnancy. Although the frequencies of respiratory distress syndrome, grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis were 19.4% (12/62), 8.1% (5/62), and 4.8% (3/62), respectively, at < or = 33 weeks' gestation, one case of respiratory distress syndrome, one case of grade 3 intraventricular hemorrhage, and one case of necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in the 151 neonates born at > or = 34 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of fetal lung maturity major neonatal morbidity was observed in our patient population. These data relating neonatal morbidity to gestational age are useful in the critical decision regarding timing of delivery.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8238155&dopt=Abstract lecithin
Int J Pharm. 2003 May 12;257(1-2):283-96.
The influence of carrier and drug morphology on drug delivery from dry powder formulations.
Larhrib H, Martin GP, Marriott C, Prime D.
Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK.
Lactose was crystallised either from neutralised Carbopol 934 gel or from water-ethanol solution without stirring, with a view to obtaining lactose alpha-monohydrate of favourable shape and smooth surface, suitable for use as carriers in formulations for dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Crystallisation of salbutamol sulphate was carried out in the presence of water, lecithin and ethanol to form salbutamol crystals with defined shape and smooth surface. The crystals formed were needle-shaped, with a length of less than 6 microm and a width between 0.5 and 1 microm. DSC and TGA showed that lactose crystals produced from Carbopol gel or from water-ethanol solution existed as alpha-lactose monohydrate. The DSC thermograms of micronised and crystallised salbutamol sulphate showed two similar endothermic transitions at 200 and 290 degrees C, respectively. The first transition was initially thought to correspond to the melting of salbutamol sulphate. However, the shape of the particles as observed by optical microscopy was not altered after heating the sample to 250 degrees C, suggesting that no transition from solid to liquid state occurred at 200 degrees C. This was confirmed by observations made using hot stage microscopy. The two endothermic transitions are suggested to correspond to the decomposition of the salbutamol sulphate molecule. The elongation ratio of the commercial lactose crystals, lactose crystallised from Carbopol and from water-ethanol were 1.69+/-0.05, 2.01+/-0.13 and 6.25+/-0.17, respectively. As the elongation ratio increased the flow properties of the carrier were affected detrimentally and this consequently reduced the content uniformity of salbutamol sulphate and drug emission from the inhaler dev
Atherosclerosis. 1988 Nov;74(1-2):157-68.
Plasma low density lipoprotein composition in relation to atherosclerosis in nutritionally defined Vervet monkeys.
Benade AJ, Fincham JE, Smuts CM, Tung MT, Chalton D, Kruger M, Weight MJ, Daubitzer AK, Tichelaar HY.
Research Institute for Nutritional Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg.
An atherogenic diet (AD) consisting entirely of normal foods for westernized people was fed to female Vervet monkeys for 4 years. The plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol pool was increased and progression of atherosclerosis was enhanced by the AD compared to a more prudent Western diet. The increased LDL-cholesterol was carried by a 3-fold increase in particles of relatively normal composition and not by packing cholesterol esters into the cores of enlarged LDL particles, as has been reported after feeding semisynthetic diets loaded with extra cholesterol. Nevertheless, these LDL particles were atherogenic. The AD changed the fatty acid composition of LDL-cholesterol esters and triacylglycerol, notably by increasing arachidonic and reducing linoleic acid. Multivariate analysis showed that measures and scores of atherosclerosis were significantly dependent on sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine in LDL and on arachidonic acid in LDL-triacylglycerol. Although apolipoprotein B, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol and lysophosphatidylcholine in plasma LDL and atherosclerosis were significantly positively correlated in bivariate analysis they were not selected by multivariate analysis as the strongest determinants of atherogenesis. Cholesterol in plasma high density lipoprotein was not changed by the AD and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in plasma was inversely linked to atherosclerosis. Subcutaneous fatty acids reflected dietary fatty acids.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3145748&dopt=Abstract lecithin
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