References: Lecithin
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1994 Jan;42(1):105-7.
Contents of lecithin and choline in crude drugs.
Yamasaki K, Kikuoka M, Nishi H, Kokusenya Y, Miyamoto T, Matsuo M, Sato T.
Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
The determination of lecithin and choline in crude drugs was established by a combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detector (ECD) and enzyme reaction. Lecithin in crude drugs extracted with a mixture of chloroform-methanol (2:1) at room temperature was hydrolyzed by phospholipase D. The hydrolyzate was injected to HPLC, and choline was separated from impurities by reverse phase column. The choline was converted to betaine and hydrogen peroxide by passing through column packed with immobilized choline oxidase. This hydrogen peroxide was detected by ECD. The peak area of hydrogen peroxide derived from lecithin was proportional to the concentration of lecithin from 0.10 to 1.52 microgram/ml. Choline in crude drugs was extracted with ethanol under reflux and determined under the same HPLC conditions as lecithin. The peak area of hydrogen peroxide derived from choline was proportional to the concentration of choline from 0.01 to 0.45 microgram/ml. The contents of lecithin and choline in 31 kinds of crude drugs were determined by these established methods. The results showed that Cervi Parvum Cornu, Kokurozin, Foenigraeci Semen and Psoraleae Semen contained more lecithin than other crude drugs, while Angelicae Radix, Foenigraeci Semen, Psoraleae Semen, and especially Hippocampus were found to contain more choline than other crude drugs.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8124757&dopt=Abstract lecithin
iibce.edu.uy
Flavonoids are an important group of recognized antioxidants ubiquitous in fruits, vegetables and herbs. There are epidemiological evidences for the stroke-protecting capacity of flavonoids and while the neuroprotective power of complex extracts rich in flavonoids like those of Ginkgo biloba, green tea or lyophilized red wine have been demonstrated in several studies, neuroprotection by individual flavonoids has been poorly studied in vivo. The neuroprotective capacity of individual flavonoids was studied in PC12 cells in culture and in a model of permanent focal ischemia (permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion - pMCAO). In the in vivo experiments, flavonoids were administered in lecithin preparations to facilitate the crossing of the blood brain barrier. The simultaneous incubation of PC12 cells with 200 micro M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and different flavonoids for 30 min resulted in a conspicuous profile: quercetin, fisetin, luteolin and myricetin significantly increased cell survival while catechin, kaempherol and taxifolin did not. Quercetin was detected in brain tissue 30 min and 1 h after intraperitoneal administration. When one of the protective flavonoids (quercetin) and one of those that failed to increase PC12 cell survival (catechin) were assessed for their protective capacity in the pMCAO model, administered i.p. 30 min after vessel occlusion, quercetin significantly decreased the brain ischemic lesion while catechin did not. It is concluded that when administered in liposomal preparations, flavonoids structurally related to quercetin could become leads for the development of a new generation of molecules to be clinically effe
J Membr Biol. 2003 Nov 1;196(1):33-9.
The Ca(2+)-ATPase of the scallop sarcoplasmic reticulum is of a cold-adapted type.
Sato D, Takahashi T, Tajima G, Sato C, Nagata Y, Yamamoto T, Nakamura J.
Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
At 0 to 20 degrees C, the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of the scallop sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was observed to be 7-60% of the peak activity at 30 degrees C, while the ATPase activity of the rabbit SR was 0-7% of its peak at 55 degrees C. The relative rabbit ATPase activity (0.7-7.0%) at 7-20 degrees C became higher (6-15 times) and lower (1/4-1/2), respectively, by the solubilization of the rabbit ATPase with a detergent, dodecyloctaethylenglycol monoether, and by the reconstitution of the ATPase with asolectin (soybean lecithin). No activity at 0 degrees C remained irrespective of these treatments. The relative scallop ATPase activity at 0-20 degrees C was, however, scarcely affected by such solubilization and reconstitution. In contrast to the rabbit ATPase, the scallop ATPase seems to be capable of operating independently without the help of the membrane lipid at low temperature.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14724754&dopt=Abstract lecithin
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