References: Lecithin
Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Dec;26(12):1739-43.
Effect of mixed micelle formulations including terpenes on the transdermal delivery of diclofenac.
Hendradi E, Obata Y, Isowa K, Nagai T, Takayama K.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
The significant inhibitory action of diclofenac formulated in mixed micelles of lecithin with cholate or deoxycholate was observed on the rat hind paw edema induced by carrageenan. In the primary stage, mixed micelle formulation of deoxycholate was more effective compared with that of cholate. However, in the final term, the inhibitory action was similar in both formulations. In a previous study, the flux of diclofenac was greater in the mixed micelle formulation of deoxycholate compared with that of cholate. It was suggested that the permeation rate of diclofenac through skin was proportional to the pharmacological activity. The hind paw edema was quickly inhibited when cyclic monoterpene such as d-limonene or l-menthol was included in the formulations. All the micelle formulations significantly decreased the value of AUC estimated the hind paw thickness-time profile. This suggests that the micelle formulation of cholate in addition to deoxycholate showed significant anti-inflammatory activity to hind paw edema of rats. Incorporation of d-limonene or l-menthol was more effective on the decrease of AUC. A pharmacological study revealed that micelle formulations were able to reduce the skin irritation of chemicals.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14646182&dopt=Abstract lecithin [PubMed - in process]
Autoimmunity. 1989;5(1-2):87-99.
Monoclonal autoantibodies derived from multiple sclerosis patients and control persons and their reactivities with antigens of the central nervous system.
Uhlig H, Dernick R.
Heinrich-Pette-Institut fur Experimentelle Virologie, Immunologie an der Universitat Hamburg, Germany.
Peripheral blood B lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and control persons were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. Antibody production of transformed cells against isolated human myelin was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cells producing reactive antibodies were cloned and propagated to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These mAbs did also react with acetone fixed frozen sections of normal human white matter, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining. Some of the mAbs derived from MS patients and a control person with a central nervous system cyst agglutinated liposomes made from lipids of a chloroform/methanol extract of human myelin, whereas mAbs derived from four glioma patients were negative in these tests. The reactive antibodies were investigated further using agglutination tests with liposomes made from pure auxiliary lipids (cholesterol and lecithin) or containing in addition either galactocerebroside, sulfatide or a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides. The great majority of myelin liposome agglutinating antibodies reacted with all types of liposomes, including those made from pure auxiliary lipids. Investigations by ELISA suggest that phospholipids are the reactive components, at least for some of these mAbs. Some antibodies reacted with liposomes containing galactocerebroside or sulfatide, others only with sulfatide containing liposomes. Antibodies showing these specificities were only obtained from MS patients.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2562390&dopt=Abstract lecithin
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1993 Dec;39(6):555-66.
Pharmacokinetic characterization of menaquinone-4 in dogs by sensitive HPLC determination.
Sano Y, Tadano K, Kikuchi K, Kaneko K, Yuzuriha T.
Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Japan.
A simple and sensitive assay method for a pharmacokinetic study of Menaquinone-4 in dogs was established using HPLC with fluorescence detection following extraction with organic solvent. The quantification limit of this method was 1 ng/ml of plasma. A new oily solution formulation of Menaquinone-4 was administered orally to nonfasted dogs at doses of 0.4, 4 and 40 mg/kg. The plasma concentrations reached maximum levels at 1 to 1.5 h after dosing, and then decreased slowly. AUC values up to 24 h after administration were almost dose-proportional. Menaquinone-4 was also administered to dogs in soft-capsules, for comparison with a conventional hard-capsule oral formulation and an intravenous lecithin formulation. The mean AUC for oral dosing in the soft-capsule formulation was 13.5% of that for intravenous dosing in lecithin, and was 4.6 times higher than that for oral dosing in hard-capsules. Additional dosing in fasted dogs indicated that the AUC in pre-fed dogs was about 4 times higher, suggesting that feeding before giving Menaquinone-4 raises the bioavailability. Overall Menaquinone-4 was absorbed rapidly after administration in non-fasted dogs and dose-proportional bioavailability was obtained among the doses of 0.4 to 40 mg/kg. Higher plasma concentrations were observed after administration in the soft-capsule formulation rather than in the hard-capsule formulation. These findings suggest that the soft-capsule formulation would show a good pharmacokinetic profile for elderly patients with osteoporosis.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006712&dopt=Abstract lecithin
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