References: Lecithin
Biophys J. 1998 May;74(5):2443-50.
Direct detection of domains in phospholipid bilayers by grazing incidence diffraction of neutrons and atomic force microscopy.
Gliss C, Clausen-Schaumann H, Gunther R, Odenbach S, Randl O, Bayerl TM.
Institut fur Physik EP-5, Universitat Wurzburg, Germany.
The geometry of domains in phospholipid bilayers of binary (1:1) mixtures of synthetic lecithins with a difference in chain length of four methylene groups has been studied by two independent, direct and complementary methods. Grazing incidence diffraction of neutrons provided gel domain sizes of less than 10 nm in both the gel and the coexistence phase of the mixture, while no domains were detected for the fluid phase. For the coexistence region, the neutron data suggest that domains grow in number rather than in size with decreasing temperature. Atomic force microscopy was used to study gel phase size and shape of the domains. The domains imaged by atomic force microscopy exhibit a rather irregular shape with an average size of 10 nm, thus confirming the neutron results for this phase. The good agreement between atomic force microscopy and neutron results, despite the completely different nature of their observables, has potential for the future development of refined models for the interpretation of neutron data from heterogeneous membranes in terms of regularly spaced and spatially extended scatterers.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9591670&dopt=Abstract lecithin
eng.ehime-u.ac.jp
Stable vesicles with diameters between about 1 and 10 mum were prepared by a particular emulsification technology that involved the use of the surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80 and the phospholipid lecithin (phosphatidylcholine from soybeans). Two membrane enzymes, d-fructose dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter sp. (FDH) and sarcosine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida (SDH), were for the first time immobilized onto the bilayer membranes of these type of vesicles; and the catalytic activity and enzymatic stability were measured and compared with the enzymes in a vesicle-free solution. The enzyme activity as well as stability considerably increased upon immobilization. In particular, immobilized FDH at 25 degrees C was stable for at least 20 days, while the activity of the free enzyme dropped to about 20% of its initial value during the same period of time.In contrast to FDH and SDH, immobilization of sorbitol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans (SODH) was not successful, as no improved activity or stability could be obtained. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14574698&dopt=Abstract lecithin [PubMed - in process]
J Hum Hypertens. 2003 Nov;17(11):791-8.
Evaluation of the antioxidant response in the plasma of healthy or hypertensive subjects after short-term exercise.
Santangelo L, Cigliano L, Montefusco A, Spagnuolo MS, Nigro G, Golino P, Abrescia P.
Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Seconda Universita di Napoli Piazza L Miraglia, Napoli, Italy.
Reactive oxygen species are produced during exercise. The antioxidants prevent or limit tissue damages by these species in physiological conditions. In particular, ascorbate and urate scavenge peroxynitrite, which can alter the function of many molecules, including the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme involved in reverse cholesterol transport. The aims of the present study were to compare the plasma antioxidant response to an ergometric test (ET) in hypertensive and healthy subjects, evaluate the exercise-dependent nitrosative stress in plasma, and assess whether the LCAT activity is altered by the exercise. Plasma samples, prepared before and after ET from hypertensive or healthy volunteers, were analysed for their levels of ascorbate, urate, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, nitrotyrosine, and LCAT activity. The alpha-tocopherol and retinol levels did not significantly change in both groups during exercise, while the ascorbate level changed displaying higher increase in controls (+38.8%) than in hypertensives (+17.2%). In these patients, during ET, the urate and nitrotyrosine levels changed more than in normotensives (+13.5 and +40.6% vs -3.1 and +25.2%, respectively). The antioxidants effectively prevented loss or reduction of LCAT activity, as it was similar in hypertensives and normotensives, and did not change after ET. The results demonstrate that exercise is associated with enhanced protein nitrosation, and suggest that the ascorbate or urate levels increase to limit oxidative damage.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14578920&dopt=Abstract lecithin [PubMed - in process]
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