References: Lecithin
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1989 Jun;49(4):351-7.
Pulmonary phospholipids in amniotic fluid of pathologic pregnancies: relationship with clinical status of the newborn.
Zapata A, Hernandez-Garcia JM, Grande C, Martinez I, Perez J, de la Fuente P, Usandizaga JA.
Biochemistry Service, 'La Paz' Hospital, Madrid Spain.
We evaluated phospholipids, C-peptide and cortisol levels in amniotic fluid of 203 pathologic pregnancies (63, class A, B and C diabetics; 11 class D, F and H diabetics; 44 preclampsia and 85 Rh-isoimmunization); the control group was 82 normal pregnant women. There was an acceleration of fetal pulmonary maturation in women with preclampsia and severe Rh-isoimmunization in class D, F and H diabetics (at 34 weeks gestation the incidence of mature surfactant (lecithin/sphingomyelin greater than or equal to 2.7 and presence of phosphatidyl-glycerol) in these groups was 30%, 50% and 100%, respectively, while it was zero in the control group). At 37 and 38 weeks only 44.4% of the class A, B and C diabetics had mature surfactant and there was a significant difference with respect to the control group (x2 = 4.9; p less than 0.05); C-peptide levels in these diabetics (class A, B and C) were higher than in controls (p less than 0.001); in pregnant women with accelerated fetal lung maturation they were lower. We demonstrated a close relationship between fetal pulmonary maturity and the type of surfactant in amniotic fluid, which was independent of gestational age.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2500702&dopt=Abstract lecithin
J Lipid Res. 1993 May;34(5):859-63.
Facilitated method for measurement of biliary secretion rates in healthy humans.
Duane WC, Levitt MD, Elson MK.
Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN.
We have developed a facilitated method for determining secretion of constituents into bile. The ratio of constituent/bilirubin was measured in gallbladder bile and multiplied by bilirubin secretion rate, estimated by measuring endogenous production of carbon monoxide (VCO) by breath sampling. Accuracy of this method was assessed by measuring secretion rate of 99mTechnetium-labeled disofenin during steady-state constant intravenous infusion. In nine subjects, mean (+/- SEM) secretion of disofenin by the CO method was 104.2 +/- 7.2% of expected and by standard marker perfusion was 97.8 +/- 13.1% of expected. In ten subjects, secretion rate of cholesterol by the CO method averaged 103 mumol/h by the CO method compared to 113 by marker perfusion (NS). Compared to marker perfusion (which is believed to reflect 24-h secretion rate), the CO method significantly underestimated secretion rate of bile acid (1110 vs. 1332 mumol/h, P = 0.076) and lecithin (295 vs. 413 mumol/h, P = 0.01), probably because gallbladder bile contained a disproportionate amount of fasting versus postprandial bile. Thus, this new method provides an accurate secretion rate for biliary constituents secreted at a relatively constant rate, including cholesterol, with less variability than marker perfusion. However, it can be used to estimate secretion of bile acid and lecithin only when a 20-30% underestimation of 24-h secretion is acceptable.
Laxative online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8509723&dopt=Abstract lecithin
PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2003 Jul-Aug;57(4):300-15.
An assessment of techniques for evaluating the physical stability of parenteral emulsions.
Zhang X, Kirsch LE.
The University of Iowa, Division of Pharmaceutics, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.
The physical stability of the parenteral emulsions is a key product quality issue. The purpose of this study is to develop, prepare and characterize model phospholipid emulsions and to critically evaluate various physical stability-indicating methods. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared using 20% (w/w) medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or soybean oil in 2.21% (w/w) aqueous glycerin solutions emulsified with 0.1 to 1.8 % (w/w) lecithin. The reproducibility of emulsion preparation was determined by measuring the volume-based mean droplet diameter using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and zeta potential using electrophoretic light scattering. Evaluation of stability-indicating methods was conducted by comparing the mean droplet growth rate of a thermally-stressed emulsion using PCS, a light obscuration particle counter (HIAC, equipped with a laser diode sensor) and a droplet image analyzer interfaced with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using osmium tetraoxide fixation. Emulsions with identical compositions and preparation properties had reproducible mean droplet diameter and initial zeta potential values with RSD < 5.0%. Upon the application of thermal stress, the volume-based diameter increased linearly with time for all three sizing techniques (PCS, HIAC, and TEM). The droplet growth rates estimated using PCS and TEM were nearly identical. PCS is a sufficiently accurate technique for measuring emulsion stability and is less time-consuming than TEM. The HIAC technique only measured the size of droplets with diameters larger than about 1 micron, which was considerably greater than the mean droplet diameter as determined by PCS and microscopic image analysis (TEM). Moreover, the growth rate obtained using HIAC was much greater than the rates estima
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