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References: Laxative

Invest Radiol. 1981 Jan-Feb;16(1):50-8.
The harmful effects of aqueous contrast agents on the gastrointestinal tract: a study of mechanism and means of counteraction.

Rubin DL, Carroll BA, Snow HD.

The effect of mildly and strongly hypertonic solutions on intestinal tone and motility was tested with aqueous contrast solutions and with mannitol as a control in 15 dogs. These experiments were repeated in animals premedicated with atropine sulfate and/or methysergide maleate. Intestinal motility was recorded on serial x-ray films. Tone and motility were estimated by variations of intestinal caliber and rate of transit of contrast solution, respectively. The results obtained contradict the currently accepted mechanism of action of iodinated contrast media on the intestinal tract, which assumes that the effect is osmotic like that of a saline laxative. Solutions of different osmolarity produce hyperperistalsis of the same magnitude. This effect begins rapidly after the onset of gastric emptying and much sooner than a significant osmotic fluid shift occurs. Atropine sulfate and methysergide maleate (serotonin blocker), when given individually, are incapable of completely inhibiting hyperperistalsis induced by hypertonic solutions. However, when these agents are given in combination, motility is completely inhibited. The evidence supports a serotonin role in the hyperperistalsis induced by hypertonic solutions, partly by direct action of serotonin on the smooth muscle cells and partly by indirect action on the intramural cholinergic ganglion cells. This concept offers a possible means of eliminating one of the adverse effects of aqueous contrast media on the gastrointestinal tract.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6783592&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1981 Jun 5;123(23):965-8.
[Consequence of habitual use of laxatives (author's transl)]

[Article in German]

Jungmann E, Schulz W, Kober G, Walther F, Schoffling K.

Though habitual, but not excessive use of laxatives can be observed frequently, no accompanying clinical symptoms have yet been described. The frequent observation of tetany and edema is striking, there is a marked decrease of potassium clearance and an incipient impairment of creatinine clearance. A secondary hyperaldosteronism can be ruled out. The electrocardiograms of 9 patients show signs of mild hypokalemia, which in 2 patients were first misinterpreted as myocardial ischemia and in one patient taken as indication of myocarditis. Oral administration of potassium normalizes the electrocardiograms.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6789158&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

J Chromatogr. 1981 Mar 13;222(3):389-98.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of some synthetic, chemically acting laxatives in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Kok RM, Faber DB.

A method for the qualitative and quantitative simultaneous analysis of dioxyanthraquinone, desacetyl-Bisacodyl, phenolphthalein and Oxyphenisatin in human urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed. The compounds were extracted from urine at pH 7.5 with diethyl ether using Extrelut extraction columns, followed by evaporation and trimethylsilylation. The method used electron beam ionization GC-MS employing a computer-controlled multiple-ion detector (mass fragmentography). The recovery from urine for the various compounds was between 80% and 100%. The detection limit for these compounds was in the range 0.01--0.05 micrograms/ml of urine. The method proved to be suitable for measuring urine concentrations for at least four days after administration of a single oral low therapeutic dose of the laxatives to sixteen healthy volunteers.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6894448&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

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