References: Laxative
J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993 Sep;17(2):128-32.
Bowel patterns and anxiety. Demographic factors.
Longstreth GF.
Department of Medicine, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, San Diego.
In a survey of bowel patterns and anxiety on 1264 health maintenance organization (HMO) members undergoing health assessment, I found (a) Stool frequency increased with age (p = 0.001), was greater in men than women (p < 0.00001), and was greater in whites than blacks (p = 0.07); (b) Fecal incontinence increased with age in women (p < 0.001) but was not age-related in men (p > 0.10); (c) Laxative use was greater in women than men at all ages (p < 0.01), and there was an age effect on use in women (p < 0.025) but not in men (p > 0.20); (d) Bowel pattern change and abdominal pain were frequently caused by stress, and both effects declined with age in each gender (p < 0.05); (e) More women than men at all ages reported stress effects (p < 0.001), and subjects who reported either stress effect scored higher on both parts of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (p < 0.00001) than other people. Bowel patterns and their relation to anxiety have demographic characteristics.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8409315&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative
Arch Intern Med. 1993 Mar 8;153(5):633-8.
Anticholinergic drug use and bowel function in nursing home patients.
Monane M, Avorn J, Beers MH, Everitt DE.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
BACKGROUND: We sought to measure the relationship between the use of anticholinergic drugs and bowel dysfunction in nursing home patients. METHODS: The study population consisted of 800 residents (average age, 84.7 years; range, 65 to 105 years) from 12 intermediate-care facilities in Massachusetts. Patient characteristics and actual medication use were documented during a 1-month observation period. Neuropsychological and functional testing was performed on all residents receiving psychoactive medications. Constipation was assessed by measuring the frequency of laxative use. RESULTS: Laxatives were used daily by 74% of residents; 45% received more than one laxative a day. After adjusting for potential confounding by logistic regression modeling, we found that daily laxative use was significantly more common in residents taking highly anticholinergic antidepressants such as amitriptyline (odds ratio, 3.12), diphenhydramine (odds ratio, 2.18), highly anticholinergic neuroleptics such as thioridazine (odds ratio, 2.01), and in the very old (odds ratio, > or = 85 years = 2.23). Gender, decreased functional status, impaired cognitive function, and the use of benzodiazepines or antiparkinsonian agents were not associated with increased use of laxatives. CONCLUSIONS: A strong association exists in institutionalized elderly between the use of specific anticholinergic medications and constipation, as reflected in the increased use of laxatives. This effect was not seen with nonanticholinergic sedatives, nor was it explained by the patients' cognitive or functional status. These drugs may be responsible for substantial iatrogenic effects on bowel function in elderly patients.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8439226&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative
Radiology. 1993 Apr;187(1):109-12.
Cleansing enema prior to double-contrast barium enema examination: is it necessary?
Hageman MJ, Goei R.
Department of Radiology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
In a prospective study, 443 patients referred for double-contrast barium enema examination were allocated to one of four regimens consisting of either 24 or 48 hours of clear liquids in combination with a cathartic laxative (magnesium sulfate), an irritant laxative (bisacodyl), and hydration. One regimen from each time group included a preliminary cleansing enema. Significantly higher bowel cleanliness scores were given to the 48-hour regimen with no cleansing enema (P < .0002). Scores for overall quality of the barium enema examination (based on detectability of a 1-cm lesion) showed no significant differences between a 24- and a 48-hour regimen, with or without a cleansing enema. No differences emerged in patient acceptance of the regimens, and 54%-57% of patients had no complaints about the preparation. The authors recommend a 48-hour preparation to minimize the risk of interfering fecal material, especially in subjects with colonic dysmotility. A time-consuming cleansing enema can be omitted.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8451396&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative
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