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References: Laxative

Planta Med. 1997 Feb;63(1):36-9.
Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by the aqueous extract and purified extracts of Stachytarpheta cayennensis.

Vela SM, Souccar C, Lima-Landman MT, Lapa AJ.

Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis Schauer (Verbenaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat gastric and intestinal disturbances. The freeze-dried aqueous extract of the whole plant tested to rodents up to the dose of 2 g kg-1, p.o., did not produce signs of toxicity. The extract (0.5-2 g kg-1, p.o.) increased the intestinal motility and protected mice against ulcers induced by restraintin-cold, ethanol or indomethacin. Injected into the duodenal lumen the extract inhibited the basal acid secretion as well as that induced by histamine and bethanecol in pylorus-ligated mice. Partition of the aqueous extract in organic solvents yielded semipurified fractions whose antiacid activity guided further chemical purification. All the fractions were chromatographically characterized, the main substances in the active extract being flavonoids and amines; some substances were revealed only under UV light. The most purified active fraction obtained presented a specific activity 5-10 times higher than that detected in the original extract. Data from pharmacological studies indicate that the antiulcer activity of S. cayennensis is related to a specific inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Cholinergic and histaminergic stimulation of acid secretion were similarly reduced by the extracts suggesting inhibition of common steps in both pathways, possibly at the level of histamine release/H2 receptor interaction, or at the proton pump. Whatever the mechanisms involved, the present data confirm the plant effectiveness as antiacid/antiulcer and laxative.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9063095&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Histopathology. 1997 Feb;30(2):160-4.
Melanosis coli is associated with an increase in colonic epithelial apoptosis and not with laxative use.

Byers RJ, Marsh P, Parkinson D, Haboubi NY.

Department of Pathological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.

We have investigated the clinical presentation, laxative use and histopathology of 38 patients with a histological diagnosis of melanosis coli and measured the colonic epithelial apoptosis in these cases. The presence of lipofuscin was confirmed in all cases. Fifteen of the cases had constipation, whilst eight had diarrhoea. Neither constipation nor diarrhoea was present in 13 cases and both were present, at different times, in two. Laxatives had been used in all those with constipation, in only one with diarrhoea and in none of the others. The mean apoptotic count was significantly increased in those with melanosis coli compared with the controls. In the majority of cases with constipation there was no other abnormality, whilst an additional diagnosis was present in the majority of the remainder. Colonic epithelial apoptosis was increased in melanosis coli and the majority of cases were not associated with laxative use. These results support the proposed role of apoptosis in melanosis coli, but indicate that melanosis coli is a non-specific marker of increased apoptosis with many possible causes, of which the use of laxatives is only one.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9067741&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Jpn J Pharmacol. 1995 May;68(1):119-23.
Effects of the adenosine A1-receptor antagonist on defecation, small intestinal propulsion and gastric emptying in rats.

Suzuki M, Tomaru A, Kishibayashi N, Karasawa A.

Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.

We examined the effects of 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) and (R)-7,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-2-(3-noradamantyl)-4-propyl-1H-imidazo[2,1 -i]purin- 5(4H)-one (KF20274), selective adenosine A1-receptor antagonists, on the gastrointestinal propulsion in rats, as compared with those of the laxative bisacodyl. DPCPX and KF20274 (p.o.) dose-dependently increased the fecal pellet output, whereas these drugs at the dose that increased defecation did not affect small intestinal propulsion or gastric emptying. Bisacodyl increased defecation and slowed gastric emptying without any influence on small intestinal propulsion. Bisacodyl, but not DPCPX or KF20274, induced diarrhea at the dose inducing defecation. The present results suggest that the adenosine A1-receptor antagonist selectively enhances the lower gastrointestinal propulsion, resulting in defecation without diarrhea.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7494374&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

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