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References: Laxative

Planta Med. 2002 Apr;68(4):349-54.
Complete LC/MS analysis of a Tinnevelli senna pod extract and subsequent isolation and identification of two new benzophenone glucosides.

Terreaux C, Wang Q, Ioset JR, Ndjoko K, Grimminger W, Hostettmann K.

Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Universite de Lausanne, BEP, Lausanne, Switzerland.

The hydroalcoholic extract of Tinnevelli senna is widely used as a laxative phytomedicine. In order to improve the knowledge of the chemical composition of this extract, LC/MS and LC/MS(n) studies were performed, allowing the on-line identification of most of the known constituents, i. e., flavonoids, anthraquinones and the typical dianthronic sennosides. However, the identity of four compounds could not be ascertained on-line under the given LC/MS conditions. These substances were isolated and their structures elucidated as kaempferol, the naphthalene derivative tinnevellin 8-glucoside and two new carboxylated benzophenone glucosides.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11988861&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Fed Regist. 2002 May 9;67(90):31125-7.
Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule.

Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule stating that the stimulant laxative ingredients aloe (including aloe extract and aloe flower extract) and cascara sagrada (including casanthranol, cascara fluidextract aromatic, cascara sagrada bark, cascara sagrada extract, and cascara sagrada fluidextract) in over-the- counter (OTC) drug products are not generally recognized as safe and effective or are misbranded. This final rule is part of FDA's ongoing OTC drug product review.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12001972&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002 May;90(5):278-84.
Protective effect of aloe extract against the cytotoxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinone in isolated rat hepatocytes involves modulations in cellular thiol levels.

Norikura T, Kennedy DO, Nyarko AK, Kojima A, Matsui-Yuasa I.

Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.

Aloe is a familiar ingredient in a wide range of health care and cosmetic products and has been reported to possess various physiological effects, antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory and laxative. Aloe has also been reported to have an effect on liver function. The cytoprotective effect of aloe extract against 1,4-naphthoquinone-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. After exposure to 1,4-naphthoquinone (100 microM), a decrease in cell viability measured as >60% lactate dehydrogenase depletion was induced. Cellular glutathione (GSH) and protein-SH levels were also significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner. However addition of aloe extract resulted in a dose-dependent improvement of these effects. This cytoprotective effect of aloe could be attributed to its inhibition of GSH and protein-SH depletions. The effect of the aloe extracts were also dose-dependent. Addition of diethyl maleate (1 mM), a cellular glutathione-depleting agent, to hepatocytes treated with both 1,4-naphthoquinone and aloe extract, induced depletion of GSH, but did not affect protein-SH or lactate dehydrogenase. These results suggest that the 1,4-naphthoquinone-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes was inhibited by aloe extract, and that this protective effect was due to the maintenance of cellular thiols, especially protein-SH.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12076309&dopt=Abstract constipation laxative

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