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Pediatr Med Chir. 2002 Mar-Apr;24(2):137-40.
Dysfunctional voiding.

Chiozza ML.

Pediatric Department, University of Padova, Italy.

Wetting may be considered the Cinderella of paediatric medicine. Before discussing dysfunctional voiding, the milestones of the normal development of continence in the child and the definitions used to describe this topic are presented. Bladder storage requires (1): accommodation of increasing volumes of urine at low intravesical pressure and with appropriate sensation; (2): a bladder outlet that is closed and not modified during increase in intra-abdominal pressure; (3): absence of involuntary bladder contractions. Development of continence in the child involves three independent factors maturing concomitantly: (1) development of normal bladder capacity; (2) maturation of urethral sphincter function; (3) development of neural control over bladder-sphincter function. All these processes are discussed. Abnormalities of any of these maturational sequences, which run parallel and overlapping, may result in clinically evident abnormalities of bladder sphincter control. Although dysfunctional voiding (DV) in children is very common its prevalence has not been well studied and, to date, and its origin is not well known. In a correct evaluation of functional voiding we must take into account different elements: the bladder capacity (that increases during the first 8 years of life roughly 30 ml per year), the micturition frequency, post-void residual volumes, bladder dynamics, urinary flow rates. Thus the correct assessment of children with lower urinary tract dysfunction should include a detailed history. Signs of DV range from urge syndrome to complex incontinence patterns during the day and the night. In addition to incontinence problems, children may have frequency, urgency, straining to void, weak or interrupted urinary stream, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and chronic constipation with or without encopresis. DV are also referred in enuretic children who wet the bed m



Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 May;45(5):593-600.
Role of nitric oxide in the colon of patients with slow-transit constipation.

Tomita R, Fujisaki S, Ikeda T, Fukuzawa M.

Department of Surgery, Nippon Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

PURPOSE: The cause of dysmotility in patients with slow-transit constipation is unknown. Nitric oxide has recently been shown to be a neurotransmitter in the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory nerves of the human gut. To clarify the physiologic significance of nitric oxide in the colon of patients with slow-transit constipation, we investigated the enteric nerve responses in lesional and normal bowel segments derived from patients with slow-transit constipation and patients who underwent colon resection for colonic cancers. METHODS: Twenty-six preparations were taken from colonic lesions in eight patients with slow-transit constipation (2 men; age, 23 to 69 (mean, 44.8) years). Forty-two preparations were taken from the normal colons of 14 patients with colonic cancer (8 men; age, 40 to 66 (mean, 52.4) years). A mechanographic technique was used to evaluate in vitro muscle responses to electric field stimulation before and after treatment with various autonomic nerve blockers, NG-nitro-L-arginine, and L-arginine. RESULTS: The colons of patients with slow-transit constipation were more strongly innervated by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory nerves than were normal colons (P <0.05). Nitric oxide was found to act on both normal and slow-transit constipation colons. The colons of patients with slow-transit constipation were more strongly innervated by nitric oxide nerves than were normal colons (P < 0.01). Responses to electric field stimulation were the same in each case among the normal colons and were also the same in each case among the slow-transit constipation colons. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an increase of nitric oxide mediates nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory nerves and plays an important role in the dysmotility obs



Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 May;45(5):641-9.
Rectal wall properties in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.

Krogh K, Mosdal C, Gregersen H, Laurberg S.

Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery L, Section AAS, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.

PURPOSE: Most patients with spinal cord injuries suffer from constipation or fecal incontinence. This study was designed to observe rectal wall properties and the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord injury. METHODS: Rectal wall properties were studied by rectal impedance planimetry, a method for simultaneous registration of pressure and rectal cross-sectional area during distention. Twenty-five patients with spinal cord injury (14 with supraconal lesions and 11 with conal/cauda equina lesions) were studied one to four weeks after injury, and 17 were available for follow-up after 6 to 14 months. Results were compared with 15 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Rectal tone was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than normal in patients with acute and chronic supraconal lesions but significantly lower (P < 0.05) in patients with acute and chronic conal/cauda equina lesions. The proportion of subjects with single giant rectal contractions was significantly higher than normal (33 percent) after acute supraconal spinal cord injury (77 percent; P = 0.02) but not after acute conal/cauda equina lesions (45 percent; P = 0.69). Phasic giant contractions only occurred in patients with spinal cord injury (once or more in 8 of 25 patients), but they were not correlated with the level of the lesion. Rectal tone and the number of giant rectal contractions did not change significantly from the acute to the chronic phase of spinal cord injury. The amplitude of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex at distention pressures of 5 and 10 cm H2O was significantly lower than normal in patients with acute and chronic conal/cauda equina lesions (acute, -5 and 44 percent vs. 37 and 82 percent (P < 0.05); chronic, 6 percent (P &



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