References: Laxative
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998 May;37(5):311-6.
Use of the rectal examination on children with acute abdominal pain.
Scholer SJ, Pituch K, Orr DP, Dittus RS.
Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency with which general pediatricians perform a rectal examination on children with a complaint of acute abdominal pain and to determine factors associated with performing a rectal examination. Children were eligible for the study if they were 2 to 12 years of age and presented to the clinic or emergency department of a municipal teaching hospital with a complaint of abdominal pain of less than or equal to three days' duration. Measured variables included demographic characteristics and presenting signs and symptoms. For each patient, a clinical reviewer (1) assigned a final diagnosis, (2) determined whether a rectal examination had been performed, and (3) assessed the clinical contribution of the rectal examination findings. For 1,140 children presenting for a nonscheduled visit with acute abdominal pain, a rectal examination was performed on 4.9% (56/1,140). Using multiple logistic regression, children were more likely to have a rectal examination performed if they had abdominal tenderness (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3 and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 6.0), a history of constipation (OR = 6.0 and 95% CI, 2.3 to 15.3), or a history of rectal bleeding (OR = 9.1 and 95% CI, 2.9 to 29). Children were less likely to have had a rectal examination performed if they presented with associated symptoms of cough (OR = 0.32 and 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.74), headache (OR = 0.15 and 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.46), or sore throat (OR = 0.28 and 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.91). The final diagnoses of 12 children who had clinically contributory findings on rectal examination included: constipation (5), gastroenteritis (3), appendicitis (2), abdominal adhesions (1), and abdominal pain of unclear etiology (1). General pediatricians infrequently perfor
Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1995 Oct;25(5):195-202.
Relation of family history of cancer and environmental factors to the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study.
Kotake K, Koyama Y, Nasu J, Fukutomi T, Yamaguchi N.
Department of Surgery, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya.
The relation of a family history of cancer and environmental factors to colorectal cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted from 1992 to 1994 at 10 medical institutions in Japan using a self-administered questionnaire, and 363 cases of colorectal cancer were compared with 363 controls matched for sex and age. A family history of colorectal cancer was positively associated with colon cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-3.87) and rectal cancer (OR = 2.1 CI 0.94-4.48), but a family history of other cancers did not increase the risk. The proportion of patients with a family history of colorectal cancer within first-degree relatives was 12.4%--appreciably higher than figures previously reported in Japan. On the other hand, the incidence of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer was 1.4%, and lower than previous estimates. Among dietary factors, a western-style diet significantly increased the risk of both colon and and rectal cancer (OR = 2.3 CI 1.30-3.88 and OR = 2.1 CI 1.26-3.63, respectively). Consumption of rice was protective against both colon and rectal cancer (OR = 0.5 CI 0.31-0.82 and OR = 0.3 CI 18-0.65, respectively). Animal meat, oily food, fish, vegetables and fruit were shown to affect the risk, but no statistically significant correlation was found. Among other factors, constipation increased the risk of colon cancer (OR = 2.0 CI 1.02-3.76) and consumption of coffee raised the risk of rectal cancer (OR = 1.7 CI 1.07-2.82). Our findings suggest that a family history of colorectal cancer is an important risk factor for this disease, and does not contradict the hypothesis that the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan may be influenced by westernization of lifestyle. Howev
Surgery. 1995 Dec;118(6):936-42.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: more than an endocrine disorder.
O'Riordain DS, O'Brien T, Crotty TB, Gharib H, Grant CS, van Heerden JA.
Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA.
BACKGROUND. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) is a rare disorder differentiated from MEN 2A primarily by its extraendocrine features. This report describes the clinical spectrum and outcome of MEN 2B. METHODS. Twenty-one patients underwent operation for manifestations of MEN 2B between 1970 and 1993. Median follow-up was 16.9 years. Diagnosis was made through family screening in nine, the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in seven, phenotypic features in four, and constipation in one. Median age at presentation of colonic dysfunction, MTC, and pheochromocytoma was 0.1, 16, and 28 years, respectively. RESULTS. Every patient had MTC. Fifteen (94%) of 16 patients undergoing primary thyroidectomies had multicentric disease, and seven (44%) had nodal metastases. Seven patients (33%) had pheochromocytoma, six bilateral and one malignant. Adrenalectomy was curative in every patient. Nineteen patients (90%) had colonic disturbances, typically chronic constipation from birth. Megacolon developed in 14 patients, and eight required colonic surgery. Every patient had the characteristic phenotype. Dominant features included neuromas of the tongue, buccal mucosa, lips, conjunctivae, and eyelids and a marfanoid habitus. Other features included high arched palate, corneal nerve thickening, and dental and skeletal abnormalities. Four patients died, two of metastatic MTC, one after operation for metastatic MTC, and one as a consequence of colonic perforation. Of 17 survivors, three have hepatic metastases from MTC, eight have nodal metastases, and six are well with normal or mildly elevated calcitonin levels. CONCLUSIONS. MEN 2B is characterized by a relatively aggressive form of MTC, bilateral pheochromocytoma, severe colonic dysfunction
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