lower-cholesterol-25.matches:
lower cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol accumulation by cultured renal cells.

Hashimoto S, Nagami GT.

Research Service, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, CA 90073.

The uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the accumulation of cholesterol were assessed in opossum kidney (OK) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. OK and MDCK cells were grown to confluency on Millicell well inserts. The uptake of human LDL across the apical and basolateral surfaces of OK and MDCK cells was assessed by the degradation of internalized (125I)LDL to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products. LDL uptake via the apical surface of OK cells increased linearly with LDL concentration, indicating nonreceptor-mediated uptake. In contrast, LDL uptake via the basolateral surface of OK cells and both apical and basolateral surfaces of MDCK cells followed a saturable pattern. In addition, (125I)LDL bound to the apical membrane of MDCK cells, but not to the apical membrane of OK cells, was displaced by heparin and by excess of unlabeled LDL. Exposure to LDL (100 mg/mL) resulted in an increase in total cholesterol content of OK and MDCK cells (23 and 18%, respectively). Most of the increase in total cholesterol content with LDL exposure resulted from increased free cholesterol content in MDCK cells and esterified cholesterol in OK cells. The differences in cholesteryl ester formation were consistent with the slower rates of (14C) oleate incorporation into cholesteryl ester and lower cholesterol esterifying activity observed in MDCK cells compared with that in OK cells. These results demonstrate that LDL uptake can be receptor or nonreceptor mediated, depending upon the renal cell type and the surface exposed to LDL, and that LDL exposure leads to increased cholesterol content in OK and MDCK cells.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1777591&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-25.matches:
lower cholesterol
The benefits of reducing cholesterol levels: the need to distinguish primary from secondary prevention. 2. Implications for heart disease prevention in Australia.

Silberberg JS, Henry DA.

University of Newcastle, Shortland, NSW.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of coronary heart disease (CHD) events arising from the primary and secondary prevention populations of middle-aged Australian men, and the potential impact in each setting of lipid-lowering therapy on death from CHD. DESIGN: Analysis based on results of a meta-analysis of drug trials to lower cholesterol levels and data from the Hunter Region Heart Disease Prevention Programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Death from CHD. RESULTS: Over a five-year period, 1520 fatal CHD events would be expected in a population of 100,000 men aged 35 to 69 years. Approximately 52% would arise from subjects already known to suffer from CHD. We predict that treating everyone in the secondary prevention group who has a blood cholesterol level of greater than 5.2 mmol/L (approximately 5000 subjects) would prevent 118 deaths, compared with 51 deaths prevented by treating those in the primary prevention group who have cholesterol levels of greater than 6.2 mmol/L (approximately 30,000 subjects). The outcome is maintained in several sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of persons in whom death from CHD might be prevented by treatment to lower cholesterol levels can be identified by targeting subjects for secondary prevention. Therapy in the secondary prevention setting is much more efficient than in primary prevention.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1943895&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
Effects of increasing quantities of oat bran in hypercholesterolemic people.

Leadbetter J, Ball MJ, Mann JI.

Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

The effects of increasing quantities of oat bran on plasma lipids were examined in 40 hypercholesterolemic men and women. Using a four-by-four Latin-square design, subjects added 30, 60, and 90 g oat bran/d or no oat bran to their usual diet for 1-mo experimental periods. Self-selected background diets remained unchanged and weight did not change significantly. No differences in plasma total or low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol were found. Supplementation of the usual diet with less than or equal to 90 g oat bran does not appear to significantly lower cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects continuing to follow a diet relatively high in saturated fatty acids.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1659171&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
[Seasonal variations of the lipid spectrum in patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis and arterial hypertension]

[Article in Russian]

Gorieva ShB, Iurenev AP, Orekhov AN.

The lipid spectrum was examined in 77 Moscow male residents aged 30-60 years in winter and in summer. The examinees were divided into 4 groups: (1) healthy subjects; (2) patients with arterial hypertension; (3) those with post-infarction cardiosclerosis; (4) those with the two abnormalities. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and circulating immune complex cholesterol were measured. All the groups were demonstrated to have lower cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels in summer than in winter, which should be taken into account in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis-associated diseases.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1753581&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity.

Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Brewer WH, Moore EW.

Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond.

The present study evaluated the incidence of gallstone formation in 105 morbidly obese patients undergoing rapid weight loss after proximal gastric bypass surgery. Intraoperative ultrasonography demonstrated gallstones in 20 (19%) and gallbladder sludge in four (4%) patients. Eighty-one patients had a normal gallbladder ultrasound. After bariatric surgery, these patients were followed prospectively with periodic gallbladder ultrasound examinations. At 6 months, gallstones had developed in 36% and gallbladder sludge in 13% of patients. These percentages remained relatively constant at 12 and 18 months. Body weight declined rapidly after surgery from a mean of 132.3 kg to 95.5, 87.0, and 84.0 kg at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Gallstones developed significantly more often in the white race, and in women. No significant differences in age, body weight, percent ideal body weight, percent weight loss, or percent of excess body weight lost existed between patients who developed gallstones or sludge and those who did not. Patients who developed gallbladder sludge had less cholesterol and lower cholesterol saturation (1.25 +/- 0.42) in their gallbladder bile than persons who developed gallstones (2.00 +/- 0.79). Forty percent (13/32) of patients who developed gallstones became symptomatic; nine (28%) underwent elective cholecystectomy. An attempt to prevent gallstone formation during rapid weight loss appears warranted.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1858735&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
Dietary treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia--differential effects of dietary soy protein according to the apolipoprotein E phenotypes.

Gaddi A, Ciarrocchi A, Matteucci A, Rimondi S, Ravaglia G, Descovich GC, Sirtori CR.

Atherosclerosis Center, University of Bologna, Italy.

Familial hypercholesterolemia, one form of type IIa hyperlipidemia, usually responds poorly to standard low-lipid diets. To define the responsiveness to a soy-protein diet in this disease, one homozygous and twenty heterozygous type IIa patients were submitted to a 4-wk traditional hypocholesterolemic diet followed by 4 wk in which animal protein was substituted with texturized soy protein. Soy was then withdrawn for a further 4 wk. No significant changes in plasma lipids were observed during low-lipid diets. The soy diet, however, caused a marked decrease in total (-20.8%) and low-density-lipoprotein (-25.8%) cholesterol and in apolipoprotein B (-14.1%). The plasma cholesterol reduction was higher in patients with apolipoprotein E3/E3 or E3/E4 vs an almost negligible effect on E3/E2. These results confirm that soy-protein diets can lower cholesterol in type IIa patients with familial disease. Data on the sensitivity of patients with different apo-E isoforms agree with recent hypotheses suggesting that soy proteins may activate B,E receptors.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1902348&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
Effect of cholestyramine treatment on biliary lipid secretion rates in normolipidaemic men.

Carrella M, Ericsson S, Del Piano C, Angelin B, Einarsson K.

Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.

This study was designed to clarify the effect of bile acid sequestrant treatment on the total biliary output rates of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids in man, and to correlate these changes with the alterations in plasma lipoprotein levels. For this purpose nine healthy, normolipidaemic men were treated with 16 g of cholestyramine daily over a period of 4 weeks, and the biliary secretion rates were measured by a duodenal perfusion technique. Resin therapy, which profoundly increases de novo synthesis of bile acids, resulted in a lowering of total plasma cholesterol levels, mainly due to a 35% reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and in a 33% increase in plasma triglyceride levels, reflecting enhanced very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride concentrations; high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels did not change. However, these lipoprotein changes did not correlate with any alterations in biliary lipid output. Total hepatic secretion rates of the biliary lipids remained generally unchanged during treatment, with a tendency towards lower cholesterol output, resulting in a lower molar percentage of cholesterol in hepatic bile, 3.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.2 mol %. This is probably due to an increased rate of conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the hepatocyte. It is concluded that, in man, the liver may adapt well to changes in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, thereby maintaining output rates of biliary lipids at a relatively constant level.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2007842&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-26.matches:
lower cholesterol
[Changes in serum cholesterol levels in Japan]

[Article in Japanese]

Noma A.

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine.

Serum cholesterol levels in Japanese people have increased after World War II. The national surveys by Research Committee demonstrated an increase of approx. 10 mg/dl of serum cholesterol from 1960 to 1980 in every years of age. An increase of serum cholesterol is observed in Japanese, whereas a decrease in American during the 20 years. Although the Japanese cholesterol levels are much lower for the older people, those for younger group are higher than American levels. These results bring forward the problems in the incidence of ischemic heart diseases in young Japanese. It is considered that the changes in serum cholesterol levels are due to the changes in the proportion of the nutrients in the Japanese diets; energy from carbohydrates decreased, whereas ones from proteins and fats increased, with no significant changes in total calorie intake. In particular, the intakes of total and animal fats have increased more than 3.5 fold during the period. "Normal" values and ranges in laboratory medicine are generally derived as the mean +/- 2SD by the statistical method. Normal range, however, which are calculated from many laboratory data, have come into questions in case of serum cholesterol. The upper limits of the means +/- 2 SDs are often higher than the values obtained from the clinical and epidemiological findings. It has clarified that the medical cares are necessary even at lower cholesterol levels. Then, "normal" values and ranges must be decided not only by statistics, but by the clinical and epidemiological findings.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2072570&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-27.matches:
lower cholesterol
Plasma noncholesterol sterols in male distance runners and sedentary men.

Sutherland WH, Robertson MC, Williamson SA, Nye ER.

Department of Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Plasma lathosterol concentration is taken to be an index of the rate of cholesterol synthesis and plasma concentrations of plant sterols just as campesterol and betasitosterol are taken to be indeces of cholesterol absorption efficiency. These noncholesterol sterols were measured in plasma from 14 male distance runners and 10 sedentary men. Plasma lathosterol concentration was 30% lower (P less than 0.02) and plasma betasitosterol concentration was 33% higher (P less than 0.02) in the runners compared to the sedentary men. Plasma concentrations of lathosterol and plant sterols were inversely and significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated in both the runners and the sedentary men. Plasma plant sterol concentrations were correlated positively and significantly (P less than 0.01) with plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in the runners and sedentary men combined. These findings suggest that more efficient cholesterol absorption may lead to higher plasma plant sterol concentrations and may contribute to lower cholesterol synthesis rates, reduced concentrations of plasma lathosterol and higher plasma HDL-C concentration in distance runners.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1748101&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-27.matches:
lower cholesterol
27-year mortality in the Western Collaborative Group Study: construction of risk groups by recursive partitioning.

Carmelli D, Halpern J, Swan GE, Dame A, McElroy M, Gelb AB, Rosenman RH.

Health Sciences Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025.

The relationship of selected biological and behavioral characteristics measured at baseline examination to 27-year mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD), cancers of all sites, and total mortality in the 3154 men that form the Western Collaborative Group Study was investigated using tree-structured survival analysis or recursive partitioning (RP). Intake (1960-61) characteristics included in the present analyses were age, serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), Type A/B behavior, and behavioral hostility. Tree-structured survival analysis for CHD mortality partitioned the cohort into six groups and identified five groups with distinct survival experience. Exceptionally high CHD mortality rates (17.3 and 14.6 per thousand) were experienced by 89 older men with elevated hostility ratings and SBP less than or equal to 150, and 238 men whose initial SBP was greater than 150 mmHg. Younger men (age less than or equal to 48) with SBP less than or equal to 150 and with serum cholesterol levels greater than 227 had a death rate of 4.8 per thousand, compared with a rate of 1.7 in similar men with lower cholesterol levels. Applied to 27-year cancer mortality, the RP algorithm partitioned the cohort into four distinct survival groups. Younger (age less than 45) Type B men had superior survival compared with Type A men of similar ages, and the proportion of ever cigarette smokers in these two groups was not statistically different. The results obtained by tree-structured survival analyses were compared with results obtained by Cox regression survival analyses.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1753265&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol