reduce-cholesterol-9.matches:
lower cholesterol
[Pharmacological studies of eicosapentaenoic acid ethylester (EPA-E) on high cholesterol diet-fed rabbits]

[Article in Japanese]

Mizota M, Katsuki Y, Mizuguchi K, Endo S, Miyata H, Kojima M, Kanehiro H, Okada M, Takase A, Ishiguro J, et al.

Fuji Central Research Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan.

The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid ethylester (EPA-E) at daily doses of 3 and 30 mg/kg (p.o.) on vascular lesions and changes in blood components were investigated in rabbits fed with a 1% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and partly compared with those given 30 mg/kg/day (p.o.) of ticlopidine. EPA-E at 30 mg/kg significantly improved the reduction in distensibility of isolated thoracic aorta caused by cholesterol diet feeding. Ticlopidine at 30 mg/kg also showed significant but milder improvement. EPA-E at 30 mg/kg, unlike ticlopidine, tended to lower cholesterol content in the thoracic wall and elastin fraction. Although EPA-E did not act on plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride contents, it tended to mildly reduce platelet aggregability in response to sodium arachidonate and the increased production of TXA2-like activity by platelets. In addition, daily doses of 30 mg/kg EPA-E caused a significant increase in plasma and platelet EPA-E contents without any change in docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid contents. From these results, daily administration of EPA-E to cholesterol diet-fed rabbits caused a remarkable improvement of the reduction in distensibility of isolated thoracic aorta. The mechanism of this improvement by EPA-E appears to depend on the protection of elastic fibers from lipid deposition on the vascular wall.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2839398&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-12.matches:
lower cholesterol
New insights into the progression of aortic stenosis: implications for secondary prevention.

Palta S, Pai AM, Gill KS, Pai RG.

Loma Linda VA Medical Center University and Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif., USA.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors affecting aortic stenosis (AS) progression are not clearly defined. Insights into this may allow for its secondary prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated predictors of AS progression in 170 consecutive patients with AS who had paired echocardiograms > or =3 months (23+/-11) apart. Various clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical variables were related to the change in aortic valve area (AVA). The annual rate of reduction in AVA was 0.10+/-0.27 cm(2) or 7+/-18% per year. The reduction in AVA per year was significantly related to initial AVA (r = 0.46, P<0.0001), the mean aortic valve gradient (r = 0.27, P = 0.04), left ventricular (LV) outflow tract velocity (r = 0.26, P = 0.001), and LV end-diastolic diameter (r = 0.20, P = 0.04) and marginally to serum creatinine level (r = 0.15, P = 0.08). Patients with a rate of reduction in AVA faster than the mean had higher serum creatinine (P = 0.04) and calcium (P = 0.08) levels. Those with a serum cholesterol level >200 mg/dL had a rate of AVA reduction roughly twice that of those with a lower cholesterol level (P = 0.04). Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified initial AVA, current smoking, and serum calcium level as the independent predictors of amount of AVA reduction per year. CONCLUSIONS: Absolute and percentage reduction in AVA per year in those with AS is greater in those with milder degrees of stenosis and is accelerated in the presence of smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated serum creatinine and calcium levels. These findings may have important implications in gaining further insights into the mechanism of AS progression and in formulating strategies to retard this process.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10831524&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-12.matches:
lower cholesterol
Adiposity indices and their relationship with some risk factors of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Cambridge men and women.

Yasmin, Mascie-Taylor CG.

Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, UK.

The relationship between five anthropometric measures (body mass index, waist to hip ratio, conicity index, waist circumference and waist to height ratio) and seven cardiovascular risk factors (total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein and ratio of high density lipoprotein to low density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), were studied in 165 men and 202 women aged between 40 and 69 years living in an urban area of Cambridge, UK. Inter-correlations between the anthropometric measures varied between 0.34 and 0.92 and were generally higher in males than females. Tests of homogeneity of the five correlation coefficients for each risk factor revealed no significant heterogeneity for males, but significant differences for high density lipoprotein and ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein were found in females. Waist to hip ratio showed the highest correlations with the risk factors in women (3 out of 7), but no consistent pattern was found for males. Males had significantly lower cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than females for any given waist to hip ratio and conicity index, waist circumference and waist to height ratio. In addition, men also had lower total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol to low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels for waist to hip ratio or conicity index.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10834288&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-12.matches:
lower cholesterol
Effect of feeding crude red palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and grain amaranth (Amaranthus paniculatus) to hens on total lipids, cholesterol, PUFA levels and acceptability of eggs.

Punita A, Chaturvedi A.

Department of Foods & Nutrition, PG & Research Centre, ANGR Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, India.

Eggs, though a very nutritious food, also have high amounts of cholesterol and hence are not recommended to be consumed regularly by persons having hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this context, an attempt was made in this study to reduce the cholesterol content of eggs by diet manipulation, using two naturally available and already proved hypocholesteromic agents [red palm oil (RPO) and grain amaranth]. Thirteen experimental rations using raw and popped grain Amaranth and RPO were fed to 24 weeks old hens for a period of 6 weeks, singularly and in combinations. Total lipids, cholesterol and PUFA contents were analyzed in the experimental and control eggs. The results showed that RPO and RPO + popped amaranth feeding resulted in a maximum reduction in total lipids and cholesterol contents. Significant increase was observed in linoleic acid content in RPO + popped amaranth; raw amaranth and RPO fed groups. Acceptability studies showed that the products made from lower cholesterol eggs were well accepted.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10898484&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-10.matches:
lower cholesterol
[Hormone replacement therapy with a transdermal estradiol gel and oral micronized progesterone. Effect on menopausal symptoms and lipid metabolism]

[Article in German]

Giuliani A, Concin H, Wieser F, Boritsch J, Wilfert H, Gruber D, Urdl W.

Klinische Abteilung fur Gynakologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin, Geburtshilfliche Gynakologische Universitatsklinik Graz. giuliani kfunigraz.ac.at

In a multicenter observational study, the efficacy and acceptance of two different regimens of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy in the form of a combination of 17 beta-estradiol in percutaneous gel application and micronized oral progesterone were evaluated. Forty-eight patients (aged 40-66 years) received 2.5 g estradiol gel plus either continuously micronized progesterone 100 per day (group A) or, sequentially, 200 mg per day between day 16 and 25 of a monthly cycle (group B) for two months. A significant reduction in typical menopausal symptoms, especially vasomotor complaints like hot flushes or sweating, was observed in both groups (score average at the beginning for hot flushes: 2.0 in group A and 1.8 in group B; after two months of treatment, 0.7 in group A and 0.4 in group B). Cholesterol levels were slightly reduced but statistically significant (235.9 +/- 49.55 mg/dl vs. 226.3 +/- 52.24 mg/dl; p < 0.05) only in group A; a trend towards lower cholesterol was observed in group B (236.5 +/- 47.82 mg/dl vs. 227.4 +/- 44.72 mg/dl). Lipoprotein (a) was also significantly reduced in group A (32.57 +/- 36.52 mg/dl vs. 28.28 +/- 31.03 mg/dl in group A; 31.7 +/- 28.42 mg/dl vs. 28.34 +/- 23.71 in group B; p < 0.05). The overall acceptance of this therapy was excellent or good in 91.3% of group A and 92.8% of group B patients.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11008325&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-13.matches:
lower cholesterol
ApoE genotype in relation to AD and cholesterol: a study of 2,326 Chinese adults.

Liu HC, Hong CJ, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Wang PN, Shyu HY, Teng EL.

The Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taiwan. hcliu vghtpe.gov.tw

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the frequencies of apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles in a large Chinese community sample and to compare the serum cholesterol levels of epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 carriers. BACKGROUND: In comparison with Western populations, a lower frequency of the apoE epsilon4 allele among the Chinese has been proposed as one factor for the lower prevalence of AD found in Chinese populations, but there are insufficient Chinese data on epsilon4 frequency that are based on large community samples. In addition, although Western studies have repeatedly found a lower cholesterol level in epsilon2 carriers and a higher cholesterol level in epsilon4 carriers in comparison with epsilon3 homozygotes, two Chinese studies have yielded inconsistent findings between them. METHODS: During the incidence phase of an epidemiologic survey of several neurologic disorders in a Chinese community, the authors took blood samples from 2,326 participants to determine the apoE genotypes and to measure cholesterol levels. RESULTS: The allelic frequencies of epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 were 11.8%, 76.4%, and 11.8% among 17 AD patients, and 7.8%, 84.1%, and 8.1% for the entire sample. The mean cholesterol level of the epsilon2 carriers was significantly lower, and that of the epsilon4 carriers significantly higher, than that of the epsilon3 homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained epsilon4 rate of 8.1% is lower than most of the Western findings, and this may account in part for the lower prevalence of AD found among the Chinese. The associations between the apoE genotype and serum cholesterol level are similar between Chinese and white populations.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10496253&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-13.matches:
lower cholesterol
The need for perspective in evidence-based medicine.

Woolf SH.

Department of Family Practice, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Fairfax 22033, USA. shwoolf aol.com

Research advances are generating a growing body of clinical trial and other data on the effects of tests and treatments on outcomes, but there is no information resource within the health care system that systematically puts that information in perspective. Policy makers, clinicians, and individuals lack a ready means to compare the relative effectiveness of various interventions in prolonging survival or preventing the occurrence or complications of a disease: information that is critical in setting priorities. A crude analysis of preventable deaths suggests that evidence-based primary prevention (getting the population to stop smoking, exercise, lower cholesterol levels, and control blood pressure) would prevent considerably more deaths per year than would various evidence-based treatments for cardiovascular disease. Examining evidence from this perspective calls attention to mismatched priorities-most health care expenditures in the United States go toward treatment of diseases and their late-stage complications and relatively few resources are devoted to primary prevention and health promotion. Similar analyses at the individual level can help patients put personal options in perspective. This article proposes a bibliographic evidence-collection center and simulation modeling program to estimate potential benefits and harms of competing interventions for populations and individuals. Such evidence-based projections would enable policy makers, clinicians, and patients to judge whether they give due priority to the interventions most likely to improve health. With the steady growth in research data, the need for a system that enables society and individuals to put evidence in perspective will become progressively more urgent.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10612327&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-14.matches:
lower cholesterol
Beware of Cloudy Serum.

Kohn MR, Jacobson MS.

Department of Adolescent Medicine, The Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Westmead, Sydney, Australia.

An 11 1/2-year-old African-American male presented with a 3-day history of abdominal pain that was constant, dull, and localized to the right lower quadrant. It was associated with anorexia, bile-stained vomiting, and enema-relieved constipation. His white blood cell count was elevated and the serum was lipemic. He had an immediate appendectomy, which revealed purosanguinous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Postoperatively his triglycerides and total cholesterol were markedly elevated, and his pancreas was enlarged and poorly delineated, with no pseudocysts. He was diagnosed with type V primary hyperlipidemia and placed on gemfibrozil regimen. He was compliant with medication and made dietary changes, which all contributed to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10359990&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-10.matches:
lower cholesterol
Diminished rate of mouse peritoneal macrophage cholesterol efflux is not related to the degree of HDL glycation in diabetes mellitus.

Passarelli M, Shimabukuro AF, Catanozi S, Nakandakare ER, Rocha JC, Carrilho AJ, Quintao EC.

Lipids Laboratory, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 s/3317, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

The efflux of (14)C-cholesterol from mouse peritoneal macrophages mediated by in vivo and in vitro glycation of intact HDL(3) and by HDL(3) apolipoproteins was investigated. Cholesterol-laden cells were incubated a long time with HDL(3) from control subjects (C), poorly controlled diabetes mellitus patients (D) and with HDL C submitted to in vitro glycation (G), as well as with all their respectively isolated apolipoproteins. A diminished cholesterol efflux rate occurred in incubations with intact HDL(3) D but not with intact HDL(3)G or with apoHDL(3)C, G or D. The specific binding of (125)I-HDL(3)G to the cell receptor, obtained upon incubation in the absence and in the presence of excess unlabelled HDL(3), was lower than the control. The role of apoE secretion by cholesterol-laden macrophages on cholesterol efflux was analyzed by incubating apoE knockout and control mice macrophages with HDL C or HDL G: a lower cholesterol efflux was observed from apoE knockout macrophages but glycation of HDL(3) did not influence this process either. The diminished capacity to remove cholesterol by the HDL drawn from diabetic subjects must be attributed to other modifications of the lipoproteins, except for non enzymatic glycation. Thus, events that impair the cell cholesterol removal in diabetes mellitus are multifaceted.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11020467&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-14.matches:
lower cholesterol
[Lipid-lowering effect of pravastatin on glomerulosclerosis protection and treatment]

[Article in Chinese]

Lu Y, Li J, Zheng X.

Nephrology Institute, Beijing Medical University.

The lipid-lowering effect of pravastatin on glomerulosclerosis was observed in nephrotic syndrome model, which was induced in rats by using repeated puromycin injections. The histologic changes of the model were similar to those of human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Rats were divided into three groups, namely, normal control, nephropathy and nephropathy with pravastatin. Pravastatin was administered through gastric tube 6mg.kg-1.d-1 for 12 weeks. The lipoprotein profile and histologic development were observed. The results showed that pravastatin-treated rats had significantly lower cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein than the nephropathy group at 7 weeks (P < 0.05). Moreover, the renal damage was also less marked in pravastatin-treated rats. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical examination revealed that lipid-lowering therapy was associated with significant lower level of glomerular sclerosing index and less accumulation of extracellular matrix including collagen III, IV, laminine and fibronectin as compared with the nephropathy group. However urinary protein and serum albumin levels were similar in both groups. It is suggested that lipid-lowering thyrapy may retard the progression of glomerulosclerosis and thus preserve renal function. The results imply that hyperlipoidemia plays an important role in the pathophysiological progression of renal disease.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10374286&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol