lower-cholesterol-19.matches:
lower cholesterol
Predicting participation in a dietary intervention to lower cholesterol among individuals with hyperlipidemia.

McCann BS, Bovbjerg VE, Curry SJ, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE, Knopp RH.

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98101-1827, USA. mccann u.washington.edu

Adult men and women (N = 8,748) were given blood cholesterol tests and completed a measure of fat intake and a staging questionnaire that assessed readiness to adopt a cholesterol-lowering diet. Eligibility for the trial was based on plasma cholesterol levels and self-reported dietary intake. Of 772 eligible participants, 545 (70.6%) agreed to join. In multivariate analyses, joiners did not differ from nonjoiners by age, total cholesterol levels, or self-reported dietary fat intake. Women were more likely than men to join the study. Individuals in the preparation stage (defined on the basis of a staging algorithm derived from the transtheoretical model of change) were more likely to join the trial than were precontemplators. An understanding of the determinants of participation in a dietary intervention may be important in the enhancement of high-risk individuals' acceptance of recommendations to make dietary changes.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8788542&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-19.matches:
lower cholesterol
Optimization studies of components in enzymatic cholesterol reagents containing cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia erythropolis, Streptomyces sp, or Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Lolekha PH, Teerajetkul Y.

Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Although enzymatic methods for serum cholesterol determination are widely used in clinical laboratories, little is known about the optimization of each component in enzymatic reagents. We investigated the optimal components in the reagents containing cholesterol oxidase isolated from Nocardia erythropolis, Streptomyces sp, or Pseudomonas fluorescens. The optimal components in the reagents are: cholesterol oxidase 250 (Nocardia erythropolis), 250 (Streptomyces sp), or 300 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) U/L, cholesterol esterase 200 U/L, peroxidase 10,000 U/L, sodium cholate 3 mmol/L, 4-aminoantipyrine 0.5 mmol/L, phenol 20 mmol/L, Triton X-100 2 mL/L, and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Lower reaction sensitivity and lower cholesterol linearity, < 18.1 mmol/L (700 mg/dL), could be obtained by using lower components than those suggested above. Pseudomonas fluorescens were an improper source for cholesterol oxidase; either Nocardia erythropolis or Streptomyces was suitable cholesterol oxidase. We prefer using Streptomyces sp cholesterol oxidase because of its economical cost and longest reagent stability. Sodium cholate must be included in the enzymatic reagent to prevent turbidity. However, sodium cholate of > 5 mmol/ L will suppress the reaction resulting in low cholesterol linearity.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8811459&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-19.matches:
lower cholesterol
Population distributions of APOE, APOH, and APOA4 polymorphisms and their relationships with quantitative plasma lipid levels among the Evenki herders of Siberia.

Kamboh MI, Crawford MH, Aston CE, Leonard WR.

Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

We examined the distributions of seven polymorphic sites in three apolipoprotein genes (APOE, APOA4, and APOH) and their relationships with quantitative lipid levels (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among the Evenki reindeer herders of central Siberia. The polymorphism data reveal several distinctive features that differentiate the Evenki from white populations: the near absence of the APOE*2 allele, the highest ever recorded frequency of the APOH*3 allele, the complete absence of the APOA*2 allele at codon 360, and significantly different frequencies at three other APOA4 polymorphic sites. Our analyses of the relationships of common apolipoprotein polymorphism and plasma lipid levels also revealed interesting results. The well-established positive association between the APOE*4 allele and LDL cholesterol level reported in white populations was not seen in the Evenki despite a comparable frequency of the APOE*4 allele. Because the Evenki have significantly lower cholesterol levels than Westernized whites, this difference in allelic effect probably reflects gene-diet interaction, which modulates the effect of APOE polymorphism on LDL cholesterol. At the APOA4 locus the HincII polymorphism at codon 127 shows a significant impact on plasma triglyceride variation in the Evenki sample: The HincII - allele was associated with higher triglyceride levels than the HincII + allele. Our data indicate that both the genetic and the environmental factors conventionally associated with cardiovascular disease risk in Western societies are different in the Evenki.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8838914&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-19.matches:
lower cholesterol
High plasma insulin is associated with lower LDL cholesterol in elderly individuals.

Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS, Lindberg O, Valvanne J, Sairanen S, Ehnholm C, Tuomilehto J.

Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

To investigate possible relationships between plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and fasting plasma insulin in the elderly, cross-sectional random samples of age cohorts (65, 75, 80 and 85 years, n = 1188, M/F 38/62 percent) were studied in the neighbouring cities of Helsinki and Vantaa, Finland. Plasma total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, blood glucose and plasma insulin were measured after an overnight fast. LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation. Statistical analyses were performed separately in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, n = 219) and non-diabetic subjects (n = 969). Comparison of lipid levels by insulin quartile (I < 7.4 IU/1, II 7.4-10.0, III 10.1-15.0, IV > 15.0) showed that total and LDL cholesterol decreased in the highest insulin quartile (P = 0.003). This trend prevailed after adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, blood glucose and serum triglycerides, and it was significant also in normotriglyceridemic (serum triglycerides <2.3 mmol/l) subjects. Furthermore, the association between high insulin and lower cholesterol was seen in normoglycemic (fasting blood glucose <6.7 mmol/l) and diabetic subjects. Lower LDL cholesterol in elderly subjects with higher fasting insulin may reflect poor health or a 'harvesting' effect, but the results may also be due to effects of insulin on LDL catabolism and/or cholesterol absorption.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9125300&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-1.matches:
lower cholesterol
Cholesterol metabolism and its implications for therapeutic interventions in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.

Gylling H.

Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. helena.gylling uku.fi

Cardiovascular diseases are the principal causes of mortality in middle-aged people and in older people. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases; high serum levels of cholesterol are associated with atherosclerosis and an increased risk of CHD. Cholesterol homeostasis is achieved by means of a fine balance between cholesterol intake, absorption/excretion and synthesis. All of these processes are tightly linked and a change in one of them can significantly influence the others. Results from both experimental studies and clinical trials have shown that inhibition of cholesterol synthesis with a statin increases absorption and that conversely, inhibition of cholesterol absorption increases synthesis. The tight linkage of cholesterol absorption and synthesis in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis suggests that treatment with an agent that influences only one of these two processes is likely to have distinct limits with respect to its effects on cholesterol levels. Better understanding of cholesterol homeostasis, particularly the close interrelationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption, may result in the design of rational integrated treatment regimens that employ multiple agents with complementary actions that attack multiple mechanisms to lower cholesterol.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15529520&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol



lower-cholesterol-1.matches:
lower cholesterol
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductases.

Friesen JA, Rodwell VW.

Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA. jfriese ilstu.edu

The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a four-electron oxidoreduction that is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids. The enzyme is found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and phylogenetic analysis has revealed two classes of HMG-CoA reductase, the Class I enzymes of eukaryotes and some archaea and the Class II enzymes of eubacteria and certain other archaea. Three-dimensional structures of the catalytic domain of HMG-CoA reductases from humans and from the bacterium Pseudomonas mevalonii, in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis studies, have revealed details of the mechanism of catalysis. The reaction catalyzed by human HMG-CoA reductase is a target for anti-hypercholesterolemic drugs (statins), which are intended to lower cholesterol levels in serum. Eukaryotic forms of the enzyme are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the prokaryotic enzymes are soluble. Probably because of its critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis, mammalian HMG-CoA reductase is extensively regulated at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15535874&dopt=Abstract lower cholesterol