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About Herbs and Nutrition


Echinacea

Ginseng

Ginkgo

Milk thistle

St. John's wort

Saw palmetto

Bay

Bilberry

Black cohosh

Licorice

DHEA

Royal Jelly

Garlic

Ginger

Coenzyme Q10

Lutein

rutin





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Three best herbs for women's health.


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Silymarin helps to protect your liver, an over-worked organ.


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A herb that deters prostate enlargement.


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The hormone of youth and health.


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All About Evening Primrose:



An Introduction



"The Lady's Ginseng."


What is Evening Primrose?

Family: Onagraceae
Genus and Species: Oenothera biennis


Evening primrose is a biennial weed native to North America. Evening primrose has been naturalized to Europe as an ornamental flower since around 17th century, and now found growing all over the world. For centuries, several Native American tribes ate evening primrose leaves and root as food, and also as painkiller and asthma medicine.

Evening primrose is easy to grow: it grows often taller than 5 feet. Evening primrose is a night bloomer: the flowers with strong sweet fragrance open up in the evening and close during the day during the months of June to October. The oblong-shaped, about an inch long fruits of evening primrose contain numerous tiny reddish seeds.

Evening primrose seeds or standardized oil preparations are uniquely rich in a fatty acid called gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) which has been found to be helpful for a wide range of conditions from arthritis to premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Almost half of women suffer from PMS, and an Australian study shows that eighty-five percent of women reported that they had tried treatments for PMS, and many reported having tried multiple treatments. In Europe, especially in England, evening primrose oil is considered as an excellent medicine for PMS.

Evening primrose (seed) is rich in amino acids including essential amino acids: alanine (0.5%), arginine (1.5%), aspartic acid (1.2%), glutamic acid (2.7%), glycine (1%) histidine (0.4%), isoleucine (0.5%), leucine (1%), lysine (0.3%), methionine (0.6%), phenylalanine (0.7%), proline (0.6%), serine (0.9%) threonine (0.4%), tryptophan (up to 1.6%), tyrosine (0.4%), and valine (up to 0.8%). It contains protein (15-17%), cellulose (27%), fat (15-32%), fiber (43%), gamma-linolenic acid (0.5-5%), beta-sitesterol (1.2-2.5%), lignin (16%), linoleic acid (12-22%), calcium (1,3-1.8%), minerals and other minor components. A rather complete list of evening primrose's chemical composition can be found from USDA medicinal plant database, Dr. James A. Duke.

-Therapeutic Actions:

Numerous researches as well as "anecdotal evidences" suggest the medicinal efficacy of evening primrose products. Mainly through the action of GLA, evening primrose, and especially the oil preparation delivers following therapeutic effects:

1. Helpful for arteriosclerosis and lowers blood cholesterol levels.

2. Improves asthma, allergies, and headaches.

3. Prevention of benign prostatic hypertrophy, probably through the reported action of evening primrose oil as a potent inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase.

4. Improves rheumatoid arthritis through the anti-inflammatory capability.

5. Above all, evening primrose oil works for PMS, including anxiety, bloating (water retention), breast soreness, depression, irritability, headaches, etc.

-Usage:

Evening primrose is most commonly taken in the form of standardized oil preparation of seeds.

Dose: Daily intake of up to two 1,300 mg capsule or 4-8 grams of evening primrose oil is suggested [Dr. Duke's Essential Herbs, 1999 James A. Duke]q.
Side Effects: Headaches and nausea has been reported as possible side effects. Patients taking phenothiazine drugs (for schizophrenia) and women at pregnancy and lactation should consult doctor before taking evening primrose.




Evening Primrose Research:


Scientific and Clinical Researches


Evening primrose has been the subject of many scientific and clinical studies. Reviews and reports from some of the recent researches on evening primrose are provided:

J Agric Food Chem 2002 Feb 27;50(5):1267-71 - Identification and quantification of low molecular weight phenolic antioxidants in seeds of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.)

Metabolism 2001 Aug;50(8):868-75 - The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat

J Agric Food Chem 2001 Sep;49(9):4502-7 - Antioxidant properties of evening primrose seed extracts

Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2002 Jan-Feb;15(1):20-5 - The therapeutic effect of evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis patients with dry scaly skin lesions is associated with the normalization of serum gamma-interferon levels

Br J Nutr 2001 Mar;85(3):251-69 - Antioxidants and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders

J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2000 Mar-Apr;40(2):234-42; quiz 327-9 - Herbs of special interest to women

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 Jul;36(7):363-6 - Pharmacokinetic data of gamma-linolenic acid in healthy volunteers after the administration of evening primrose oil (Epogam)

J Reprod Med 1997 Oct;42(10):637-46 - Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996 Oct;55(4):223-9 - Effects of gamma-linolenic acid and its positional isomer pinolenic acid on immune parameters of brown-Norway rats

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996 Sep;55(3):159-65 - Effectiveness of natural oils as sources of gamma-linolenic acid to correct peripheral nerve conduction velocity abnormalities in diabetic rats: modulation by thromboxane A2 inhibition

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996 Aug;10(4):665-8 - Essential fatty acid supplementation in chronic hepatitis B

Metabolism 2001 Aug;50(8):868-75 - The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat

Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2001 Jan;30(1):50-1 - Effect of five kinds of vegetable seed oil on serum lipid and lipid peroxidation in rats



Evening primrose Links


Plants For A Future: Database Search Results - Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose)

Altnature.com - Evening Primrose: Photos and Facts

Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family - Family Photos

Yale University, Research Project - Evening Primrose Oil as a Cervical Ripening Agent

Japan Functional Food Research Association - Evening primrose - gamma-linolenic acid

IVillage.com Complementary Medicine - Evening Primrose




    The information provided at DreamPharm.com is for educational purposes only and is not intended for self-diagnosis nor self-treatment of conditions that should be managed by a qualified health care provider. Unless otherwise indicated, research, ailment and product information have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration ("FDA").

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