vardenafil, Levitra
From aspiration to achievement: assessment and noninvasive treatment of erectile dysfunction in aging men.

Seftel AD.

Department of Urology, University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. adseftel aol.com <adseftel aol.com>

More than 70% of elderly men (>or=65) remain sexually active, and more than 40%, according to one estimate, are dissatisfied with their sex lives. Declining sexual function and a reluctance to seek medical attention with advancing age are cross-cultural observations. Normal erection is largely dependent on intact function of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the penile vascular endothelium. Consequently, chronic conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus) and lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking) that have adverse effects on the vascular endothelium and central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as on endocrine function or connective tissues within the corpus cavernosum of the penis, can attenuate erectile function. Because of these associations, assessment of sexual function in elderly men often reveals not only erectile dysfunction (ED) but also other reversible conditions. An expanding array of noninvasive options is available to assist the clinician in individualizing ED therapy to the unique health and lifestyle needs of each elderly ED patient and his partner. These treatment alternatives include the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, as well as other oral medications, such as alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and topical vasoactive or testosterone therapy.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15667388&dopt=Abstract vardenafil Levitra



vardenafil, Levitra
Phosphodiesterase 5 enzyme and its inhibitors: Update on pharmacological and therapeutical aspects.

Kulkarni SK, Patil CS.

Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. skpu yahoo.com.

Cyclic nucleotides are important secondary messengers that control many physiologic processes, including smooth muscle contractility. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise of a superfamily of metallophosphydrolases that specifically cleave the 3',5'-cyclic phosphate moiety of cAMP and/or cGMP to produce the corresponding 5' nucleotide. Currently 21 PDE genes have been cloned and are classified into 11 families (1-11) according to their sequence of homology, biochemical and pharmacological properties. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is one of the members of the superfamily that specifically cleaves cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a key intracellular secondary messenger. It is composed of 875 amino acids and was first identified in lungs, vascular and tracheal smooth muscle, and platelets. PDE5 is selectively inhibited by sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil, and less selectively by zaprinast and dipyridamole. PDE5 inhibitors have been reported to possess antiplatelet aggregation, weak cardiac inotropic effects and vascular relaxant properties. The tissue distribution of the PDE5 family is relatively restricted compared with other PDEs. Still, recent immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis have demonstrated the presence of anti-PDE5 antibodies and PDE5 transcripts in rat cerebellum, kidney, pancreas, aortic smooth muscle cells, heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, and, to a much lesser extent, in other regions of the brain, liver and lungs. Research in this field is intense, with a goal of identifying and developing new, selective PDE5 inhibitors that would be beneficial in a number of maladies, as well as angina, hypertension and erectile dysfunction (ED). (c) 2004 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15672122&dopt=Abstract vardenafil Levitra



vardenafil, Levitra
Gateways to clinical trials.

Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR.

Department of Pharmacology, Prous Science, Barcelona, Spain. mbayes prous.com.

Gateways to Clinical Trials is a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables has been retrieved from the Clinical Studies Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity(R), the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Abetimus sodium, ademetionine, agalsidase alfa, agalsidase beta, alemtuzumab, alfimeprase, AMG-162, androgel, anidulafungin, antigastrin therapeutic vaccine, aripiprazole, atomoxetine hydrochloride; Bazedoxifene acetate, bevacizumab, bosentan; Caldaret hydrate, canfosfamide hydrochloride, choriogonadotropin alfa, ciclesonide, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, CY-2301; Darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin hydrobromide, decitabine, degarelix acetate, duloxetine hydrochloride; ED-71, enclomiphene citrate, eplerenone, epratuzumab, escitalopram oxalate, eszopiclone, ezetimibe; Fingolimod hydrochloride, FP-1096; HMR-3339A, HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy, human insulin, HuOKT3gamma1(Ala234-Ala235); Idursulfase, imatinib mesylate, indiplon, InnoVax C insulin glargine, insulin glulisine, irofulven; Labetuzumab, lacosamide, lanthanum carbonate, LyphoDerm, Lyprinol; Magnesium sulfate, metelimumab, methylphenidate hydrochloride; Natalizumab, NO-aspirin; OROS(R); PC-515, pegaptanib sodium, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin, pemetrexed disodium, peptide YY3-36, posaconazole, pregabalin, PT-141, pyridoxamine; R-744, ramelteon, ranelic acid distrontium salt, rebimastat, repinotan hydrochloride, rhC1, rhGAD65, rosiglitazone maleate/metformin hydrochloride; Sardomozide, solifenacin succinate; Tadalafil, taxus, telavancin, telithromycin, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, teriparatide, testosterone transdermal patch, tetomilast, tirapazamine, torcetrapib; Valspodar, vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate, vildagliptin; Yttrium Y90 epratuzumab; Ziprasidone hydrochloride. (c) 2004 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15672123&dopt=Abstract vardenafil Levitra



vardenafil, Levitra
Premature ejaculation. 3. Therapy.

Piediferro G, Colpi EM, Castiglioni F, Scroppo FI.

Andrology Unit, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. gpiediferro libero.it

Serotonergic drugs (SSRIs) are the most commonly used, but they are characterized by relapse some time after medication interruption as well as by sexual side effects. The efficacy of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors seems excellent, but the risk of tachyphylaxis has been reported. The former (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, clomipramine) should be used in young patients with hyper-orgasmic forms, while the latter (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) should be used in hypo-orgasmic forms, in old age or when PE is associated with erectile dysfunction. Topical anesthetics provide satisfactory results in premature ejaculation due to hypersensitivity of the glans, and physiotherapy of the pelvic floor muscles proves successful in cases associated with pelvic floor dysfunction. Therapeutic associations and psycho-sexual therapy techniques may improve results, particularly in the long term.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15693439&dopt=Abstract vardenafil Levitra



vardenafil, Levitra
[Vardenafil for the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction after radical retropubic prostatectomy]

[Article in Chinese]

Huang YR.

Department of Urology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200127, China.

More than one-third of men may experience erectile dysfunction (ED) after nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. A recent study has shown that vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, could significantly improve the key indices of erectile function in men after unilateral or bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Few adverse events were observed in the study.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15704689&dopt=Abstract vardenafil Levitra