Elimite
Effectiveness of permethrin-treated military uniform fabric against human body lice.

Sholdt LL, Rogers EJ Jr, Gerberg EJ, Schreck CE.

Military uniform fabric patches treated with permethrin were evaluated against natural and laboratory strains of human body lice, Pediculus humanus, L. Permethrin-treated fabric was toxic to body lice on contact and quickly affected feeding behavior and the likelihood of disease transmission, even when washed up to 20 times. The use of permethrin-treated clothing offers a new passive approach in human louse control not previously feasible. Military personnel wearing permethrin-treated uniforms, therefore, can expect significant and long-term protection from lice and louse-borne diseases in endemic areas.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2494588&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



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Evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in Zambia.

Sholdt LL, Schreck CE, Mwangelwa MI, Nondo J, Siachinji VJ.

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799.

Permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet (diethyltoluamide) were field tested against natural populations of tsetse flies, mostly Glossina morsitans centralis Machado, in central Zambia. Volunteers wore different combinations of clothing impregnated with permethrin 0.125 mg ai/cm2 and repellents while riding in a vehicle that was driven slowly (4-6 km/h), with the windows and rear door open, through fly-infested areas. The mean rate of tsetse bites was about twenty per 75 min for unprotected people. The treatment combination of permethrin-impregnated clothing (blue cotton coveralls) and either of two controlled-release deet formulations on exposed skin of face and arms provided 91% mean protection, but this was not significantly better (P greater than 0.05) than wearing deet repellent alone (76-87% protection). No significant differences of protection were observed between the three repellent treatments, although the two controlled-release formulations (intended to be more persistent) were applied at approximately half the dosage of the standard 75% deet. Wearing permethrin-impregnated coveralls alone provided relatively poor protection (34%) for the untreated and exposed skin of head and hands. However, olive drab mesh jackets treated with permethrin reduced the tsetse biting rate by 75%.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2519659&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



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Efficacy and transdermal absorption of permethrin in scabies patients.

van der Rhee HJ, Farquhar JA, Vermeulen NP.

Department of Dermatology, Leyenburg Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.

The clinical efficacy and transdermal absorption of permethrin, a new synthetic insecticide was investigated in ten scabies patients. All patients were successfully treated with one application of a cream, containing 5% permethrin. Apart from mild postscabies dermatitis no side-effects were observed. The mean weight of cream used per patient was 25 g (range 21-32; mean content of permethrin 1250 mg). The degree of permethrin absorption was assessed indirectly by determination of conjugated and unconjugated cis- and trans-CVA (a metabolite of permethrin) excretion in urine using two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It was found that during the first 48 hours the mean estimated absorption was 6 mg (range 3-11), which is approximately 0.5% of the total dose.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2564238&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
Effects of weathering on fabrics treated with permethrin for protection against mosquitoes.

Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, Reifenrath WG, Gutierrez GA, Korte DW Jr.

Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, CA 94129-6800.

Permethrin-impregnated and untreated fabrics were evaluated for their toxic and repellent effects against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti after both types of fabrics were subjected to accelerated weathering for 9 weeks, under a simulated wet/tropical environment. The toxic (knockdown) effect of permethrin-impregnated fabrics against both species of mosquitoes diminished rapidly after 1 week compared to the repellent effect. After 6 weeks of weathering, the remaining low amounts of permethrin provided fair protection from mosquito bites; however, no knockdown was observed at those levels. Permethrin-treated fabric was effective in providing protection from mosquito bites and appears to be a means of attenuating both the nuisance effects and, possibly, disease transmission by mosquitoes.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2568392&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite



Elimite
Combined exposure to DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and permethrin-induced release of rat brain mitochondrial cytochrome c.

Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB.

Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space can induce apoptosis. The levels of mitochondrial cytochrome c in rat brain following a single dermal dose of 400 mg/kg of DEET, and of 1.3 mg/kg of permethrin, alone or in combination were determined. Rats were sacrificed at a time interval of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, or 72 h after dosing. Brain mitochondria were isolated and the levels of cytochrome c were measured using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Average percentage recovery of cytochrome c spiked with control rat brain mitochondria was 83.2 +/- 8.9%. Limits of detection and quantitation were 1 and 5 ng, respectively. The results showed that a single dermal dose of a combination of DEET and permethrin significantly increased the release of brain mitochondrial cytochrome c starting 24 h after treatment. DEET and permethrin alone did not affect the release of cytochrome c. The results indicate that combined exposure to DEET and permethrin might induce the apoptotic processes in rat brain as seen by the release of cytochrome c.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11437058&dopt=Abstract permethrin Elimite