Cleocin
Clindamycin and ibuprofen effects on chlamydial salpingitis in mice.

Blanco JD, Patterson RM, Ramzy I, Turner T.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430.

To evaluate the effects of clindamycin and ibuprofen on a model of upper genital tract chlamydial infection in mice, 64 Swiss Webster white mice were inoculated in the left ovarian bursa with a mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia-inoculated mice received clindamycin, ibuprofen, clindamycin and ibuprofen, or no treatment. Mice were killed at intervals, and their genital tracts were examined grossly and microscopically for evidence of infection and cultured for Chlamydia. Sixty-seven per cent of inoculated, untreated mice manifested gross evidence of inflammation compared with 22.4% of mice in any treatment group (P less than .025). C. trachomatis was isolated in 10.2% of mice treated with any drug regimen, whereas 46.7% of untreated mice were culture-positive (P less than .025). In this model, therapy with clindamycin, ibuprofen, or both drugs in combination decreased gross and histologic evidence of inflammation as well as the rate of recovery of C. trachomatis from the genital tract.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2595517&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
In vitro interaction between rifampin and clindamycin against pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Arditi M, Yogev R.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois.

The MICs and MBCs for 90% of strains tested (MIC90 and MBC90, respectively) of rifampin for 75 clinical isolates of pathogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci (PCNS) were 0.03 and 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, while the MIC90 and MBC90 of clindamycin were both greater than 25 micrograms/ml. Although no synergy between rifampicin and clindamycin was found among the 15 strains studied by the checkerboard method, 6 of 12 selected strains showed synergy by the kill-curve method. No antagonism was observed by either method. All 30 strains rapidly developed resistance to rifampin in vitro, and this could be prevented by the simultaneous presence of 1.0 microgram of clindamycin per ml in the 24 methicillin-susceptible PCNS strains. The synergy between rifampin and clindamycin observed in vitro for some strains of PCNS, together with the prevention of emergence of resistance to rifampin by clindamycin, suggests that this antibiotic combination may be useful for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-susceptible PCNS.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2719468&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Activity of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of experimental intra-abdominal abscesses in mice.

Esposito S.

Infectious Diseases Clinic, First Medical School, University of Naples, Italy.

The therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of experimental intra-abdominal abscesses in mice caused by a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was compared with that of ampicillin and clindamycin. The abscesses were produced by intraperitoneal administration of a bacterial suspension obtained by bacterial culture of S epidermidis diluted to 10(8) CFU/ml mixed with sterilized rat feces and barium sulphate in male BALB/C mice. The following doses of antibiotics were given twice a day for seven days: ciprofloxacin, 1 microgram/100 microliters; clindamycin, 1.5 micrograms/100 microliters; and ampicillin, 3.6 micrograms/100 microliters. The antibiotic serum and pus concentrations were also determined by an agar well diffusion assay. The maximum serum concentrations were obtained 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration (ciprofloxacin, 2.7 micrograms/ml; clindamycin, 9.0 micrograms/ml; ampicillin, 3.9 micrograms/ml). The penetration inside the abscess was also satisfactory (ciprofloxacin, 0.51 microgram/ml; clindamycin, 3.4 micrograms/ml; ampicillin, 3.8 micrograms/ml). A favorable clinical and bacteriologic response was obtained in 69% of the mice following the ciprofloxacin treatment and in 56% following ampicillin. The efficacy of ciprofloxacin was much higher than that of clindamycin and ampicillin, presumably because of its much higher intrinsic potency against the pathogen rather than for its pharmacokinetic characteristics and its penetration inside the abscess.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2720726&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Association experiments with aerobic and anaerobic pathogens: a model of in-vitro susceptibility testing in mixed infections. Activity of enoxacin, clindamycin, and metronidazole.

Heizmann WR, Schmid R, Heilmann F, Werner H.

Abt. Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Hygiene-Institut der Universitat, Tubingen.

In infections of polymicrobial etiology, it seems mandatory to combine an antibiotic with marginal activity against anaerobes with an anti-anaerobic drug, e.g. metronidazole or clindamycin. We investigated the effect of associations of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic pathogens on MBCs of enoxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, and combinations of enoxacin plus clindamycin or metronidazole. Single testing, and associations of Bacteroides fragilis with Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis revealed MBCs of 64 mg/l for enoxacin. However, investigating metronidazole, MBCs for B. fragilis increased from 0.5-1 mg/l to 2-4 mg/l in association with E. coli. The combination of enoxacin with metronidazole restored MBCs of 0.5 and 1 mg/l for the B. fragilis strains. B. fragilis associated with E. faecalis showed MBCs of 2 to 64 mg/l for metronidazole, an increase of up to 64-fold. The enoxacin MBCs for E. coli in association with B. fragilis were up to eight-fold higher than for E. coli alone (2 mg/l compared to 0.25 mg/l). Association of E. coli with E. faecalis and B. fragilis showed a low to moderate increase for MBCs of E. coli when enoxacin was tested alone or in combination with metronidazole or clindamycin. In contrast, MBCs for E. faecalis did not change significantly with any of the associations or combinations tested. It is evident that in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of associations of pathogens can be modified by interactions between strains, and/or antimicrobials.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2737759&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Enhancement of opsonophagocytosis of Bacteroides spp. by clindamycin in subinhibitory concentrations.

Veringa EM, Lambe DW Jr, Ferguson DA Jr, Verhoef J.

Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614-0002.

Radioactively labelled bacteria were incubated overnight in the presence or absence of one-half the MIC of clindamycin, then preopsonized with normal human serum or homologous rabbit antiserum and incubated with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Clindamycin in subinhibitory concentrations significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of all four Bacteroides strains. Complement-dependent as well as antibody-dependent phagocytosis was enhanced by clindamycin in one Bacteroides strain. In the other three strains, only antibody dependent phagocytosis was enhanced by clindamycin. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed phagocytosis of the bacteroides.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2745261&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of two dosage regimens of clindamycin phosphate.

Plaisance KI, Drusano GL, Forrest A, Townsend RJ, Standiford HC.

School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201.

Interpretation of the majority of data on the disposition of clindamycin is confounded by the presence of active metabolites, which may interfere with commonly employed bioassays. We undertook a multiple-dose study of the disposition of clindamycin phosphate and clindamycin, given either as 600 mg intravenously every 6 h or 1,200 mg intravenously every 12 h for five and three doses, respectively, in six healthy volunteers. Concentrations in serum and urine were analyzed by a specific gas chromatography assay. Maximum and minimum clindamycin concentrations in serum and the area under the serum concentration-time curve following the first dose were similar to those observed at the steady state. The mean and standard deviation of the maximum, 1-h postdose, and minimum concentrations in serum at steady state for the 600-mg dose given every 6 h were 16.8 +/- 6.0, 7.6 +/- 0.7, and 2.3 +/- 0.9 microgram/ml, whereas for the 1,200-mg dose given every 12 h they were 17.2 +/- 3.5, 9.8 +/- 1.5, and 0.6 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml, respectively. For the 12-h regimen, clindamycin concentrations in serum remained above 2 micrograms/ml for 7 h. The decay of clindamycin phosphate levels in serum was rapid, with virtually 100% of the phosphate eliminated within the first 1.5 h following the dose. Approximately 0.35 and 4.5% of the administered dose were recovered in the urine as clindamycin phosphate and clindamycin, respectively. Further pharmacokinetic evaluation of the 12-hourly dosage regimen should be done before clinical evaluation in infected patients is undertaken.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2751277&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T