Cleocin
Stability of intravenous admixtures of aztreonam and clindamycin phosphate.

James MJ, Riley CM.

The stability of aztreonam and clindamycin phosphate in intravenous admixtures was studied. Each of the following combinations of drugs was added to both 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection: aztreonam 20 mg/mL and clindamycin phosphate 6 mg/mL; aztreonam 20 mg/mL and clindamycin phosphate 3 mg/mL; aztreonam 10 mg/mL and clindamycin phosphate 6 mg/mL; and aztreonam 10 mg/mL and clindamycin phosphate 3 mg/mL. One of each of these admixtures was stored at 22-23 degrees C for 48 hours and at 4 degrees C for seven days. At various storage times the admixtures were inspected for visual changes and 1-mL samples were examined microscopically for crystalline and particulate matter, tested for pH, and assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. No visual changes were observed. The pH of admixtures decreased only slightly during storage. Concentrations of aztreonam and clindamycin phosphate under both storage conditions decreased by less than 10%. Intravenous admixtures of aztreonam and clindamycin phosphate at the concentrations studied are stable for at least 48 hours at 22-23 degrees C and at least seven days at 4 degrees C.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4050817&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Effects of clindamycin in combination with rifampicin on clindamycin-susceptible and clindamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Watanakunakorn C.

The effects of the combination of clindamycin and rifampicin against 21 strains of clindamycin-susceptible and 19 strains of clindamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were studied by the time-kill method. For the clindamycin-susceptible strains, clindamycin prevented the re-growth of Staph. aureus in the presence of rifampicin. For the clindamycin-resistant Staph. aureus strains, indifference was demonstrated against the majority of strains, with only a few strains showing synergism or antagonism.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4055542&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
In-vivo effects of clindamycin on neutrophil function.

Faden H, Hong JJ, Ogra PL.

Neutrophil functions were evaluated in 13 normal subjects who had received 300 mg of clindamycin orally four times each day for two days. The mean serum concentration of clindamycin was 1.6 mg/l. Intracellular killing of a clindamycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus increased from 38% to 45%, P less than 0.005, during clindamycin therapy. In contrast, clindamycin therapy did not significantly alter chemotaxis, phagocytosis, chemiluminescence of neutrophils, or the ability of serum to generate chemotactic factor and opsonize particles of yeast. The potentially synergistic relationship between clindamycin and neutrophils may prove to be valuable for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in patients with defects in oxygen-dependent mechanism of neutrophil-mediated bacterial killing such as in chronic granulomatous disease.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4077773&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Drug utilization review of parenteral clindamycin therapy.

Martinez DR, Reitz JA, Miller WA, Nolly RJ.

A concurrent drug utilization review was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of parenteral clindamycin use, the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, and to implement, if necessary, corrective actions to improve parenteral clindamycin use. Criteria for the appropriate use of clindamycin were prepared, reviewed, and approved by the P & T Committee of the City of Memphis Hospital (CMH) and University of Tennessee Medical Center/William F. Bowld Hospital (UTMCH). Forty-five patients were included in the audit. Overall, in 43/45 (96%) of the patients audited, clindamycin use was deemed appropriate. This audit provided the opportunity for positive reinforcement of physician prescribing practices and helped to foster a cooperative, rather than an adversarial relationship, between pharmacists and physicians involved in drug utilization review.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10265843&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



Cleocin
Changes in the oropharyngeal and colon microflora in relation to antimicrobial concentrations in saliva and faeces.

Heimdahl A, Kager L, Nord CE.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin, bacampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, doxycycline and tinidazole were given perorally for 7 days to a total of 56 subjects. Concentrations of antimicrobials in serum, saliva and faeces were determined daily, as were viable counts of different aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in the oropharyngeal and colon microflora. Clindamycin, erythromycin, doxycycline and tinidazole were detected in saliva. Clindamycin, erythromycin and doxycycline were also detected in high concentrations in faeces. Phenoxymethylpenicillin, bacampicillin, tinidazole and doxycycline did only induce small changes in the oropharyngeal and colon microflora, while distinct suppression of anaerobic bacteria was observed in the oropharynx and colon when clindamycin was administered. Erythromycin decreased the numbers of aerobic bacteria in oropharynx and both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in colon. Both clindamycin and erythromycin induced new colonization of the oropharynx and colon by potentially pathogenic Gram-negative enteric rods and fungi as well as toxin-producing clostridia.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3860938&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T



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A new phenotype of resistance to lincosamide and streptogramin A-type antibiotics in Streptococcus agalactiae in New Zealand.

Malbruny B, Werno AM, Anderson TP, Murdoch DR, Leclercq R.

Service de Microbiologie, CHU Cote de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize a new type of resistance to clindamycin in Streptococcus agalactiae. METHODS: Nineteen erythromycin-susceptible, clindamycin-resistant S. agalactiae isolates from New Zealand were studied. MICs of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics were determined. Clindamycin and streptogramin resistance genes were searched for by PCR. Isolates were compared by serotyping and by DNA macrorestriction patterns determined by PFGE. Conjugative transfer of resistance traits to recipient strains of S. agalactiae and Enterococcus faecium was assayed. RESULTS: The 19 S. agalactiae isolates were intermediate or resistant to clindamycin (MIC range: 0.5-2 mg/L) and lincomycin (MIC range: 1-8 mg/L) and had high MICs of dalfopristin (4-32 mg/L), a streptogramin A-type antibiotic, compared with controls. By contrast, the strains were susceptible to macrolides and quinupristin, a streptogramin B-type antibiotic. This new phenotype was called LSA (lincosamide-streptogramin A). Clindamycin resistance could not be transferred to recipient strains. Thirteen isolates belonged to serotype III and to a single PFGE genotype A, and five isolates belonged to serotype I and to genotype B. One isolate was non-typeable and belonged to a distinct genotype C. CONCLUSIONS: We have characterized a new LSA phenotype in S. agalactiae. Analysis of restriction patterns of S. agalactiae chromosomal DNA showed that the resistance was spread in a minimum of three bacterial clones. The genetic and biochemical basis for the resistance remains unknown.

Online source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15537693&dopt=Abstract clindamycin antibiotic Cleocin-T