J Clin Pathol. 1993 Oct;46(10):898-902.
Electron microscopic changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi following treatment with albendazole.

Blanshard C, Ellis DS, Dowell SP, Tovey G, Gazzard BG.

HIV/Genitourinary Medicine Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London.

AIM--To identify and describe electron microscopic changes occurring in Enterocytozoon bieneusi in patients treated with albendazole. METHODS--Eighteen HIV seropositive patients with E bieneusi infection of the small intestine were treated with albendazole 400 mg twice a day for one month. Duodenal biopsy specimens obtained before and at the end of treatment were examined electron microscopically by a pathologist who was unaware of the clinical response. A semiquantitative assessment of the parasite load and description of the parasite morphology was made. RESULTS--A complete resolution of diarrhoea occurred in nine patients and a further three had a greater than 50% reduction in baseline stool frequency or volume. Three of the non-responders were also infected with cryptosporidium. There was a reduction in parasite load in those responding to treatment and an increase in abnormal forms in both responders and non-responders. CONCLUSION--The clinical response to albendazole treatment seen in some patients with small intestine microsporidiosis may be due to damage to the developmental stages, causing a partial inhibition of parasite reproduction.

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J Invertebr Pathol. 1993 Sep;62(2):171-7.
The antimicrosporidial activity of albendazole.

Haque A, Hollister WS, Willcox A, Canning EU.

Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

The antimicrosporidial activity of albendazole was tested on Nosema bombycis in vitro in Spodoptera frugiperda cells and in vivo in Heliocoverpa zea larvae and pupae. Significant reductions in the percentage of infected S. frugiperda cells were obtained using a concentration of 5.3 micrograms/ml albendazole in tissue culture medium but recrudescence occurred after the drug was withdrawn from the cultures. Significant reductions in the number of spores harvested from 6th-instar larvae or pupae were obtained when doses of 0.2 to 4.0 mg were incorporated into the diet but, with the lower doses, some resurgence of infection occurred in pupae after cessation of drug intake. Established infections were almost eliminated from 6th-instar larvae and pupae after consumption of 2 or 4 mg albendazole and infections were not established at all when 4 mg was consumed concurrently with the infective spores. Even at the highest dose albendazole had no deleterious effect on the growth and viability of H. zea. Clumped chromatin in the nuclei of meronts, revealed by electron microscopy, reflected the selective anti-tubulin activity of albendazole and there was massive disorganization of sporogonic development.

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Vojnosanit Pregl. 1993 Jul-Aug;50(4):365-9.
[Determination of albendazole and its main metabolite albendazole sulfoxide in the hydatid fluid of human echinococcal cysts using HPLC]

[Article in Serbian]

Glisovic L, Kilibarda V, Redzic B, Stankovic N, Radulovic S.

Vojnomedicinska akademija, Odeljenje za toksikolosku hemiju, Klinika za gastroenterologiju.

Concentrations of albendazole and its active metabolite in echinococcal cyst of the human liver were determined in order to evaluate drug effects of the decrease of protoscolex vitality. Albendazole concentration of 0-64.9 micrograms/ml and albendazole sulfoxide of 0-40.8 micrograms/ml were found in cysts. The protoscolexes showed markedly manifested morphologic changes up to the disintegration. The postoperative follow up of patients within 24 months discovered no recidives of the disease and the patients were regarded as cured. On the basis of the results obtained it has been concluded that the use of albendazole in the dose of 800 mg/day within 28 day is sufficient for achievement of therapeutic drug level in vivo conditions.

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Am J Vet Res. 1993 Jun;54(6):926-8.
Efficacy of albendazole against giardiasis in dogs.

Barr SC, Bowman DD, Heller RL, Erb HN.

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

Efficacy of albendazole for treating giardiasis in dogs was assessed in 3 experiments. In experiment 1, Giardia cysts were cleared from feces of 5 of 7 dogs (as determined by the zinc-sulfate concentration technique) after the dogs received a single dose of albendazole (25 mg/kg of body weight, PO), whereas feces of 3 of 7 dogs became clear of cysts without treatment. In experiment 2, feces of 5 of 5 dogs became clear of cysts after albendazole treatment (25 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 4 doses); feces of 1 of 5 untreated control dogs became clear. In experiment 3, feces of 18 of 20 dogs became clear of cysts after albendazole (25 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 4 doses) was given; none of the 20 control dogs had feces clear of cysts. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any dog. These results indicate that a single dose of albendazole (25 mg/kg, PO) is not effective for treating giardiasis in dogs. However, 4 doses of albendazole (25 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) are highly effective and non-toxic for treatment of giardiasis in dogs.

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J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1993 Jun;64(2):71-5.
Overberg research projects. XV. The efficacy of different anthelmintics against field strains of nematode parasites of sheep in the southern Cape Province.

Louw JP, Reinecke RK.

Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa.

Controlled anthelmintic tests and faecal egg count reduction tests were carried out on natural infections of nematode parasites in sheep on 4 farms in the southern Cape Province. Albendazole, fenbendazole, ivermectin, levamisole, morantel citrate and a combination of albendazole and closantel sodium were tested. Every farm harboured anthelmintic resistant nematode parasites. Adult as well as immature Teladorsagia spp. were resistant to albendazole and fenbendazole, immature Teladorsagia spp. to albendazole/closantel, adult and immature Nematodirus spp. to albendazole/closantel and adult Nematodirus spp. to fenbendazole.

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Br Vet J. 1993 Jan-Feb;149(1):101-13.
Plasma profiles of albendazole metabolites after administration of netobimin and albendazole in sheep: effects of parasitism and age.

McKellar QA, Jackson F, Coop RL, Baggot JD.

Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Veterinary School, Bearsden.

Netobimin and albendazole were administered to 3-month-old lambs with moderate infections of Nematodirus battus and to comparable parasite-naive lambs. Albendazole sulphoxide and albendazole sulphone concentrations were determined in the plasma of all lambs at frequent intervals after treatment. Both anthelmintic preparations were 100% effective in reducing nematode faecal egg output in the lambs. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the sulphoxide or sulphone metabolites in parasitized compared with non-parasitized lambs given the same parent anthelmintic. The parasite-naive lambs were subsequently weaned and maintained indoors in conditions designed to preclude nematode parasite infection until they were 9 months old. Netobimin and albendazole were administered again and the plasma profiles of the albendazole sulphoxide and albendazole sulphone metabolites determined. There were no significant differences in the plasma distribution of these metabolites with age of the lambs. The area under the plasma concentration time curve, mean resident time and apparent half-life of the albendazole sulphoxide metabolite was determined following administration of each parent drug and the clearance of the metabolite/systemic availability of parent drug was determined as a marker of the amount of drug available for metabolism. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic variables between parasitized and non-parasitized animals nor with the age of the animals.

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Q J Med. 1993 Mar;86(3):191-5.
Albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis.

Archibald LK, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, Bailey JW, Bell DR.

Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.

A total of 301 British ex-Far East prisoners of war, many of whom worked on the Thai-Burma Railway during World War II, consecutively attended The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for clinical review between January 1987 and August 1990. Fifty-two (17%) were found to have chronic strongyloidiasis. Diagnostic criteria included any of the following: characteristic larva currens rash, positive Strongyloides serology, and positive stool examination. Forty-seven were evaluable 6 months, after therapy with albendazole 400 mg twice daily for 3 days, which resulted in a 75% cure rate. Cure was defined as disappearance of the rash, if present, negative serology and negative stool examination. Patients who had more than one positive diagnostic feature were only considered cured if both or all had disappeared or become negative. All 12 of the patients in whom initial treatment failed were given a second course of albendazole: three further cures were obtained in eight evaluable patients. The overall cure rate was 81%. The only side-effects recorded were mild nausea and diarrhoea in one patient. We suggest that albendazole should be the treatment of choice for chronic strongyloidiasis.

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