Anaesthesist. 1991 Apr;40(4):235-7.
[Postoperative analgesia following spondylodesis using a peridural catheter placed during surgery. Results of a pilot study]

[Article in German]

Otto S, Dietz C, Kuleszynski P, Hopf C, Stanton-Hicks M, Dick W.

Klinik fur Anaesthesiologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz.

For the treatment of postoperative (p.o.) pain following vertebral surgery, systemic analgesics are frequently used in high doses with a variety of side effects. It was the aim of this study to investigate p.o. epidural catheter analgesia in 20 patients following surgical correction of scoliosis using the Cotrel and Dubousset technique. METHODS. The patients received balanced general anesthesia with fentanyl and isoflurane. At the end of the operation, before closing the fascia, an epidural catheter was placed by the orthopedic surgeon. After extubation and following evaluation of the motor function of all extremities. 6-10 ml bupivacaine 0.25% was injected into the epidural catheter followed by continuous administration of 0.25% bupivacaine 4-8 ml/h. Analgesic level and hemodynamic parameters were monitored. Pain was measured by the visual analogue scale. If analgesia was not sufficient, the patients received tramadol or piritramide intravenously. RESULTS. In 11 of 20 patients epidural analgesia was rated adequate; 5 needed additional systemic analgesics, and in 4 effective analgesia was not achieved with either epidural analgesia or systemic opioids. No complications were observed. DISCUSSION. The pilot study documented that epidural analgesia using an intraoperatively placed epidural catheter can be used for p.o. pain relief after vertebral surgery using the Cotrel and Dubousset technique. Additional studies will compare the method described to other pain-relieving procedures.

Tramadol reference source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2058826&dopt=Abstract tramadol Ultram




Stomatol Glas Srb. 1990 Mar-Apr;37(2):191-200.
[Effect of tramadol on provoked potentials of dental pulp]

[Article in Croatian]

Kuburovic G, Cenic-Milosevic D.

University School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade.

The central-acting analgetic (tramadol 50 mg) demonstrated significant effects on wave latencies of provoked potentials in females. However, the same doze had no significant effect on wave latencies of provoked potentials in males. Tramadol provoked a statistically significant reduction of all wave amplitudes of provoked potentials of dental pulp in both sexes. Thus, provoked potentials recorded under this condition gave an "objective" index of tramadol analgetic effects.

Tramadol reference source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2100387&dopt=Abstract tramadol Ultram




Arzneimittelforschung. 1990 Aug;40(8):909-11.
[The effect of flupirtine, various analgesics and muscle relaxants on skeletal muscle tone in the conscious rat]

[Article in German]

Nickel B, Jakovlev V, Szelenyi I.

Abteilung Pharmakologie, ASTA Pharma AG, Frankfurt/Main.

The influence of the skeletal muscle tone by flupirtine (D-9998, Katadolon; CAS 56995-20-1), some selected analgesics and muscle relaxants was investigated in conscious rats after intraperitoneal administration. Benzodiazepines (diazepam and tetrazepam), baclofen, dantrolene and mephenesine reduced the tone of the skeletal muscle. Opiate analgesics, such as morphine, codeine and tramadol, enhanced the muscle tone. Flupirtine reduced the skeletal muscle tone at doses comparable with its antinociceptive effective doses. In this dose range no sedative side effects as ataxia or decrease of spontaneous motor activity could be observed. The mode of this muscle relaxing effect of flupirtine is not known in all details. It is, however, likely that flupirtine is able to inhibit the mono- and/or polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal level.

Tramadol reference source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2242082&dopt=Abstract tramadol Ultram




Gut. 1990 Feb;31(2):222-5.
Electromagnetically generated extracorporeal shockwaves for fragmentation of extra-and intrahepatic bile duct stones: indications, success and problems during a 15 months clinical experience.

Staritz M, Rambow A, Grosse A, Hurst A, Floth A, Mildenberger P, Goebel M, Junginger T, Hohenfellner R, Thelen M, et al.

I Medical Department, University of Mainz, FRG.

Electromagnetically generated extracorporeal shock waves (without waterbath) were applied after intravenous premedication with 10-15 mg diazepam and 100 mg tramadol in the treatment of 33 patients (aged 32 to 91 years) with multiple intrahepatic stones (n = 4) or huge common bile duct stones (n = 29, 18-30 mm in diameter), which could not be removed by conventional endoscopy. Stone disintegration was achieved in 70% of common bile duct stones and in all intrahepatic concrements after 800-7500 discharges, which were applied during one (n = 21), two (n = 6) or three sessions (n = 6). Apart from mild fleabite-like petechiae at the side of shock wave transmission no other side effects were observed for a total of 51 procedures. We believe electromagnetically generated shock waves are safe, easy to apply, and relatively effective in the therapy of common bile duct and intrahepatic stones.

Tramadol reference source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2311983&dopt=Abstract tramadol Ultram




J Med Assoc Thai. 1990 Jan;73(1):16-20.
The use of tramadol hydrochloride in the treatment of post-anesthetic shivering.

Pausawasdi S, Jirasirithum S, Phanarai C.

Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Tramadol at the dosage of 1 mg per kg body weight was given intravenously to 110 adult patients who developed postoperative shivering. All patients were cured of the shivering after 45 seconds to 6 minutes. Seventy-four per cent stopped within 2 minutes after the injection. There were five patients who had recurrence of shivering after 10 to 30 minutes and this was easily stopped by another dosage of the drug. There were very few minor side effects and they required no medical treatment.

Tramadol reference source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2345322&dopt=Abstract tramadol Ultram