Ann Intern Med. 1994 May 1;120(9):736-43.
Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990.

Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE.

National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory manifestations, response to therapy, and factors related to morbidity and mortality in a large group of patients with ehrlichiosis. DESIGN: Case-series. SETTING: Laboratory-based surveillance in the United States. PATIENTS: 237 patients whose serum had a fourfold increase or decrease in antibodies to Ehrlichia canis or E. chaffeensis. MEASUREMENTS: Epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory data, hospitalization, duration of illness, complications, and treatment response. RESULTS: From 1985 through 1990, 237 case-patients were identified in 21 states; rates exceeded 1 per 100,000 per year in only 5 counties. Incidence rates increased with age and were higher among men. Most case-patients had nonspecific illness and were not suspected of having a rickettsial infection. Many patients (60.8%) were hospitalized. Leukocyte and platelet counts typically decreased and liver function tests typically increased through day 7. Three (6.1%) of 49 outpatients treated only with tetracycline were hospitalized compared with 35 (92%) of 38 outpatients treated only with antibiotics other than tetracycline or chloramphenicol (P < 0.001). Among hospitalized patients, recovery was faster for those initially treated with tetracycline (median, 16 days) or chloramphenicol (median, 12 days) than for those initially treated with other antibiotics (median, 27 days; P = 0.03 for both comparisons). In a logistic regression analysis, severe illness or death was more probable among case-patients 60 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 4.60; 95% CI, 1.87 to 11.2) and among those who did not receive tetracycline or chloramphenicol until 8 or more days after symptom onset (OR, 4.38; CI, 1.36 to 14.0). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are primarily representative of more seriously ill patients with human ehrlichiosis. Although rates are low, ehrlichiosis is found in many areas of the United States. Patients with a history of tick exposure, acute febrile illness, decreasing leukocyte counts, and decreasing platelet counts may have ehrlichiosis. Prompt treatment with tetracycline or chloramphenicol markedly decreases the morbidity.

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Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984 Oct;26(4):489-92.
Effect of tetracyclines and UV light on oxygen consumption by human leukocytes.

Glette J, Sandberg S, Haneberg B, Solberg CO.

When polymorphonuclear leukocytes were stimulated with zymosan, a sharp rise in oxygen consumption was observed. In the presence of doxycycline, we observed a further increase in oxygen consumption when the phagocytosing cells were exposed to UV light. When the light was turned off, oxygen consumption of the cells almost ceased, indicating photodamage to polymorphonuclear leukocytes during irradiation. Irradiation of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes for 20 min in the presence of doxycycline (10 micrograms/ml) before phagocytosis completely abolished the rise in oxygen consumption initiated by zymosan. Demethylchlortetracycline and light exposure also caused a marked reduction of polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxygen consumption, whereas oxytetracycline, lymecycline, chlortetracycline, and minocycline had only a slight or no photosensitizing effect. The photodamage induced by doxycycline and demethylchlortetracycline was inhibited by azide and enhanced in deuterium oxide. This was in accordance with singlet oxygen-mediated damage.

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6517541&dopt=Abstract antibiotics, tetracycline




J Infect Dis. 1975 May;131 Suppl:S40-4.
Effectiveness of achievable urinary concentrations of tetracyclines against "tetracycline-resistant" pathogenic bacteria.

Musher DM, Minuth JN, Thorsteinsson SB, Holmes T.

Hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other bacterial pathogens are frequently treated with parenteral antibiotics such as gentamicin. Many of these organisms are shown by Kirby-Bauer disk sensitivity testing to be resistant to tetracycline. One hundred seventy-one such tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates were studied; 84% were found to be sensitive to achievable urinary concentrations of tetracycline. Two patients with long-standing chronic urinary tract infection with Pseudomonas were treated with tetracycline for a year and a half with excellent results. In a pilot clinical trial, eight of 12 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infection were treated successfully with tetracycline without regard to disk sensitivity data. Institution of tetracycline as soon as the microscopic diagnosis of urinary tract infection is made might be an acceptable empiric approach to the treatment of urinary infection in hospitalized patients who do not show evidence of sepsis.

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Food Addit Contam. 1995 Sep-Oct;12(5):645-50.
A survey on veterinary drug use and residues in milk in Hyderabad.

Sudershan RV, Bhat RV.

Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO Hyderabad, India.

A survey on veterinary drug use and residues in milk was carried out in Hyderabad (India) and surrounding suburban villages. Mastitis was the most common disease reported; oxytocin and oxytetracycline were frequently used in veterinary formulations. Of 205 milk samples analysed, 9% of market samples and 73% of individual animal milk samples contained oxytetracycline residues. None of the government dairy samples contained oxytetracycline residues. Maximum oxytetracycline consumption through milk was calculated to be 0.045 mg/kg bw/day. The levels ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 micrograms/ml in market milk samples and from 0.2 to 6.7 micrograms/ml in samples obtained from individual buffaloes. It was found that the oxytetracycline residues affect curd setting, the extent depending on the amount of residue.

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Br J Vener Dis. 1976 Oct;52(5):337-40.
Prolonged eradication of urogenital mycoplasmas after administration of tetracycline to men in the Antarctic.

MacLeod AD, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D.

Meatal swabs were obtained at intervals over 1 year from 23 men in the Antarctic. A 5-day course of tetracycline was given to twelve of them. In retrospect it was found that the antibiotic had been received by two men who were harbouring ureaplasmas, one of whom also had M. hominis. After treatment, these organisms were not found in any of the swabs taken over the next year, except in a swab from one of the men following sexual contact after this time. One of the twelve men developed N.S.U. just before arriving in the Antarctic. He responded clinically to a shorter course of tetracycline and ureplasmas were not recovered from a meatal swab immediately thereafter. However, without further sexual contact, ureaplasmas and disease recurred about a month later. This time, after a 5-day course of tetracycline, disease was not seen, and ureaplasmas were not isolated, over the next year. In contrast, ureaplasmas were isolated consistently over a year from two men who were not given the antibiotic. The evidence strongly suggests that, under natural conditions, the most likely cause of mycoplasmas, particularly ureaplasmas, recurring in the genital tract after apparently adequate tetracycline therapy, is re-infection as a result of sexual re-exposure.

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Ceska Gynekol. 1998 Aug;63(4):279-82.
[Treatment of chlamydial urogenital infections]

[Article in Czech]

Masata J, Rezacova J, Sodja I.

I. gynek.-porod. klinika 1. LF UK a VFN, Praha.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in developed countries [3, 12, 13]. The position is similar in the Czech Republic. Depending on the group of examined women active Chlamydia infection varies between 10 and 23%. The increasing incidence of urogenital Chlamydia infections and improving diagnostic possibilities call for adequate treatment. Correct treatment of urogenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is very important for the prevention of undesirable sequelae of inflammations of the lesser pelvis, subsequent risk of GEU, sterility, prevention of premature delivery and possible infection of the neonate. When starting treatment, selecting a suitable antibiotic and deciding on the therapeutic strategy it is important to select an antibiotic with regard to its efficacy, the epidemiological situation, regional sensitivity of the infectious agent, toxicity and tolerance of the antibiotic, to its bacteriostatic or bactericide action, and last not least, also its price. Despite selection of a suitable antibiotic sometimes treatment fails. For treatment of urogenital chlamydial infections tetracyclin and macrolid antibiotics are recommended or quinolone chemotherapeutic agents of the third generation. Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics with bacteriostatic action. As to oral forms doxycycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline are used. The most frequent undesirable effects during treatment are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Tetracycline antibiotics are contraindicated in children under 8 years, during pregnancy and lactation and in case of sensitivity to this group of drugs. Macrolids are antibiotics with a medium broad antibacterial spectrum with bacteriostatic action. Macrolids of the first generation have a low antibacterial activity. They have a short biological half-life, not always a good tolerance, and serious clinically important drug interactions may develop. The most frequently used preparations of the first generation include erythromycin, josamycina and spiramycin. Macrolids of the second generation, azitromycin, roxitromycin and claritromycin lack the above negative properties. The most frequent undesirable effects after administration of macrolids include nausea and vomiting. Considerable differences were found in particular between different preparations containing erythromycin. Macrolids of the second generation have only slight undesirable gastrointestinal effects. Macrolid antibiotics are contraindicated in case of sensitization to this group, in severe hepatic disorders and great care must be taken in the treatment of pregnant women. Quinolone chemotherapeutic agents of the third generation, ciprofloxacine, enoxacine, ofloxacine and pefloxacine are synthetic drugs with a broad antibacterial spectrum which act on systemic infections. On oral administration they are rapidly absorbed and the blood and tissue concentrations are sufficiently effective. In the treatment of urogenital Chlamydia infections they are useful in the treatment of chronic infections after failure of previous macrolid and tetracycline therapy. The most frequent undesirable side-effects include nausea, vomiting, meteorism, diarrhoea, tinnitus, headache, changes of mood, allergic skin reaction. They are contraindicated in hypersensitivity to quinolone chemotherapeutic preparations, in children and adolescents under 18 years, during pregnancy and lactation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate different therapeutic patterns, their efficacy and tolerance.

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Vet Parasitol. 1992 Jun;43(1-2):15-24.
Further evaluation of the use of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment method of immunizing cattle against Theileria parva derived from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).

Ngumi PN, Young AS, Lampard D, Mining SK, Ndungu SG, Lesan AC, Williamson SM, Linyonyi A, Kariuki DP.

Protozoology Division, National Veterinary Research Centre, Muguga, Kenya.

Three experiments were undertaken to determine the efficacy of different doses of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment immunization of cattle against Theileria parva derived from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Two of these experiments also compared buparvaquone with standard doses of long- and short-acting formulations of oxytetracycline. In addition, different dilutions of stabilates were used in the experiments. In the first experiment, a 10(-1.0) dilution of stabilate was used to infect groups of cattle treated with buparvaquone at doses of between 5 and 0.625 mg kg-1 body weight (bwt) on Day 0 after infection. All control cattle developed severe theileriosis and none of the treatment regimes (including those utilizing long-acting oxytetracycline) prevented the development of theileriosis. Treatment with buparvaquone at 2.5 mg kg-1 bwt or oxytetracycline gave the most satisfactory results. In the second experiment when the sporozoite dose was reduced to 10(-2.0) dilution, buparvaquone treatment at 5 and 2.5 mg kg-1 bwt and short- and long-acting formulations of oxytetracycline reduced reactions greatly. While all the oxytetracycline treated animals produced a serological response and were immune to a 50-fold higher challenge with the immunizing stabilate, several animals in the buparvaquone groups did not show a serological response and were not immune to challenge. In the third experiment, groups of cattle were infected with 10(-1.2), 10(-1.4) and 10(-1.6) dilutions of stabilate and were treated with 2.5 mg kg-1 bwt of buparvaquone. No animals developed severe theileriosis and all seroconverted. On homologous challenge, however, two out of 14 cattle showed severe reactions. It was concluded that further work on immunization using buparvaquone treatment at 2.5 mg kg-1 bwt and 10(-1.6) dilution of the stabilate would have to be carried out before such a system could be used in the field.

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Vet Rec. 1993 May 22;132(21):532-4.
Characterisation of Yersinia species isolated from a kennel and from cattle and pig farms.

Fantasia M, Mingrone MG, Martini A, Boscato U, Crotti D.

Laboratorio di Batteriologia e Micologia Medica, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.

Between April 1984 and November 1986, 126 faeces samples were collected from puppies and bitches in a kennel and examined for Yersinia species; 45 (35.7 per cent) of them were positive. Thirty-eight isolates were Y enterocolitica, five were Y frederiksenii and two were Y intermedia. Twenty-one of the Y enterocolitica isolates belonged to serogroup 0:3 and 17 of these were L-sorbose negative; all these isolates were from puppies. One strain of Y frederiksenii and all the L-sorbose-negative Y enterocolitica serogroup 0:3 isolates were resistant to antimicrobial agents and showed four different patterns of resistance (ampicillin, cephalothin and tetracycline; ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin and tetracycline; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, streptomycin and sulfathiazole; and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfathiazole and tetracycline. In January 1986, investigations were conducted on a cattle farm and a pig farm close to the kennel. Of 19 bovine faeces samples 11 (57.8 per cent) were positive for Yersinia species; eight yielded Y enterocolitica and four yielded Y frederiksenii. None of the Y enterocolitica isolates belonged to serogroup 0:3. Of 20 porcine faeces samples eight (40 per cent) were positive for Yersinia species; all eight yielded Y enterocolitica and four also yielded Y pseudotuberculosis. Two of the isolates of Y frederiksenii and two of the isolates of Y enterocolitica from the farms had the following resistance patterns: ampicillin, cephalothin and streptomycin; ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline; and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulphatiazole, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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