Infection. 1979;7 Suppl 2:S216-9.
Antibiotic resistance in various medical services.

Krcmery V, Grunt J, Rosival L, Calpas S.

The analysis of differences in occurrence of antibiotic-resistant strains belonging to ten species of "problem" bacteria was performed by means of a computer program in more than 150,000 bacterial strains isolated in Slovakia in 1977. In all respects, strains isolated in general medical practice were considerably more sensitive to classical as well as to newer antibiotics. Marked differences in resistance within individual medical services could be a reflection of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the use of a given antibiotic. Urological and surgical wards, and in some respects pediatric and infectious diseases services, rendered the highest percentage of strains resistant to various drugs. There are still several antibiotics which are effective in vitro against staphylococci, while gentamicin, collistin and cotrimoxazole are the only antibiotics displaying more general activity against gram-negative "problem" bacteria. Nevertheless, strains from general practice show a good response in vitro, even to older antibiotics, despite the fact that these have been widely used for decades in general practice.


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Antibiotiki. 1979 Mar;24(3):182-5.
[Participation of the antibiotics of Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis in the regulation of bacterial spore formation]

[Article in Russian]

Lukin AA, Korolev VI.

Sporulation and antibiotic production, as well as the effect of exogenic antibacterial substances on bacterial sporogenesis were studied in various strains of Bac. pumilus and Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis. The bacteria were grown on a solid sporulation medium with and without the antibiotics. After 5-day incubation the presence of refractyl spores was determined with a phase-contrast method. It was found that in the strains of Bac. pumilus producing antibacterial substances the sporulation was normal. The loss of the capacity for synthesizing such substances resulted in asporegenicity or oligosporogenicity. This allowed a conclusion on existence of phenomenological connection between sporulation and antibiotic production. The study of the antibiotic effect on bacterial sporogenesis showed negative results which are discussed in the paper along two directions: (1) the antibiotics did not probably participate in regulation of the bacteria cell differentiation, (2) the antibiotics regulated the bacterial sporogenesis though their effect was not as yet detected because of methodical difficulties. Therefore, the problem of the antibiotic participation in regulation of sporulation in Bac. pumilus and Bac. subtilis remains open.


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Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1979 Apr;130A(3):315-30.
Effect of antibiotics on mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Berche P, Descamps P, Avril JL, Daoulas-Lebourdelles F, Veron M.

A study of the susceptibility to 18 antibiotics has been performed on 47 mucoid strains comparatively to 71 fried-egg strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determinated by agar dilution method. On the whole, the mucoid strains were more sensitive to antibiotics than the fried-egg strains. The more effective antibiotics were carbenicillins, aminosids, colistin and tetracyclines. However, this drug susceptibility of mucoid strains were heterogeneous. The results of a statistical analysis demonstrated that the strains of P. aeruginosa were distributed into two classes: a first class clustered very sensitive strains to most antibiotics and a second class clustered more resistant strains. The mucoid strains were included almost equally into the two classes (respectively 45% and 55%). The fried-egg strains were more homogeneous, since 89% of these strains were in the resistant class. The antibiotics which distinguished the best between the two classes were: tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, colistin and tetracyclines. A study of the phenotypes and associations of resistances has been equally performed.


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Microb Drug Resist. 2003 Spring;9(1):1-6.
Study of developed resistance due to antibiotic treatment of coagulase-negative Staphylococci.

Tegnell A, Grabowska K, Jacobsson A, Andersson M, Giesecke J, Ohman L.

The Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden. Anders.Tegnelmi.ki.se

Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are a major cause of postoperative infections. These infections are often associated with foreign material implants and/or a compromised immune system in the patient. Multiresistant strains are increasingly common in the hospital environment and there is concern that the infections will become difficult or impossible to treat. This report is based on a study of 75 patients, with postoperative infections caused by CoNS after thoracic surgery. All patients were treated with surgical revision and antibiotic therapy. One or more bacterial cultures were made in each case, and the resistance pattern of the CoNS found was determined. The goal of the study was to evaluate possible relationships between antibiotic therapy and the appearance of resistance to antibiotics in CoNS found. To describe this relationship, three models were constructed and analyzed by multiple logistic regression. The results indicate an increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and clindamycin after the use of cephalosporins. Also, the use of vancomycin or vancomycin in combination with rifampicin or fusidic acid increases the risk for development of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, netilmycin, and rifampicin. The hypothesis that a combination of antibiotics will curtail the development of resistance was not supported in this study.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12705677&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics [PubMed - in process]



Sci Rep Res Inst Tohoku Univ [Med]. 1979 Dec;26(3-4):71-91.
Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolide and analogous antibiotics.

Suzaki K.

1. The susceptibility of M. pneumoniae to antibiotics can be determined by the microtiter method. The adequate technique requires that the final volume of broth medium in a well is 0.2 ml and that the dilution is made after the parent solution of antibiotic in the test tube is dropped into a well every fifth wells. 2. M. pneumoniae was cultured on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of macrolide and analogous antibiotics, and the following results were obtained. 1) The growth of eight strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of the colony grown as an average of 0.5 to eight on agar media containing erythromycin in four strains was 0.1 to 1.6 micrograms/ml in some colonies, and 400 to 800 micrograms/ml in most colonies. The results disclosed that the broth culture contains a small number of mycoplasma cells with a definite, high degree of resistance to the antibiotics, but no cells with intermediate degrees of resistance. 3) The FH strain was made resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, midecamycin, acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, josamycin, tylosin, lincomycin, or clindamycin by subculture in broth medium from the colony grown at the highest concentrations of each of the antibiotics in agar media. The degree of the resistance developed was 16 to 128,000 in the MIC radio and showed high values of MIC in most strains. The resistance developed was not lost by subculturing the resistant strain in broth medium without antibiotic. 4) The FH strain made resistant to the antibiotics had cross resistance to other macrolides. Strains resistant to some of the antibiotics had cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, and strains resistant to others did not. Some strains made resistant to macrolides with cross resistance to lincomycin and clindaymycin and strains made resistant to lincomycin or clindamycin had no cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha, while all the resistant strains without cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin had cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha. No strain had cross resistance to vernamycin A...


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Am J Surg. 1975 May;129(5):537-44.
Proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds.

Rodeheaver G, Marsh D, Edgerton MT, Edlich RF.

When a tissue is injured, its vessels exhibit a marked increase in vascular permeability. Blood proteins, including fibrinogen, traverse the vessel walls and lead to the development of a surface coagulum. This inflammatory response continues until primary closure of the wound edges is accomplished. The thickness of the surface coagulum is roughly proportional to the time interval between wounding and closure. This coagulum encompasses the surface contaminants, preventing contact with either topical or systemic antibiotics. The presence of this surface coagulum limits the time in which antibiotic prophylaxis is effective. At three hours after injury, antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds has no therapeutic value. Hydrolysis of the protein coagulum by proteolytic enzymes enhances the activity of the antibiotic in experimental wounds. The success of proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to delayed antibiotic treatment can be correlated with the clot lysis activity of the enzymes in vitro. Travase, the most potent fibrinolytic enzyme, is the most effective adjunct to delayed antibiotic therapy of contaminated wounds. In contrast, the active enzymes found in Elase, which exhibit no significant clot lysis activity in vitro, do not potentiate the activity of antibiotics in wounds subjected to a delay in treatment. Travase prolongs the period of effective topical antibiotic action for at least eight hours in experimental contaminated wounds. The therapeutic merit of Travase is also apparent when the antibiotic is administered systemically. Travase shows promise as an adjunct to a variety of antibiotics that are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The results of these experimental studies support our belief that clinical studies support our belief that clinical studies should now be initiated to test the therapeutic value of Travase as an adjunct to antibiotics in heavily contaminated wounds subjected to an unavoidable delay in treatment.


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Arch Dermatol. 2003 Apr;139(4):467-71.
Effect of antibiotics on the oropharyngeal flora in patients with acne.

Levy RM, Huang EY, Roling D, Leyden JJ, Margolis DJ.

Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and resistance patterns of Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in the oropharynx of individuals with acne who were using or not using antibiotic therapy. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Dermatology Department of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. PATIENTS: Patients with acne. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence or absence of S pyogenes and S aureus in the oropharynx as determined by culture and their resistance patterns to tetracycline antibiotics as determined by agar disk diffusion. RESULTS: Of 105 patients who participated, 42 were using oral or topical antibiotics and 63 patients were not using antibiotics. Six (10%) of those 63 not using any antibiotics had positive S pyogenes cultures compared with 13 (33%) of those successfully evaluated using antibiotics (n = 39) (prevalence risk ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-8.6; P=.003). A total of 85% of S pyogenes cultures (11/13) from those using antibiotics were resistant to at least 1 tetracycline antibiotic compared with 20% (1/5) from those not using antibiotics (P=.01). Of those not using antibiotics, 29% (18/62) had positive S aureus cultures compared with 22% (9/41) of those using antibiotics (prevalence risk ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-1.5; P=.42). No significant differences in resistance patterns of S aureus were found. CONCLUSIONS: Streptococcus pyogenes colonization and resistance in the oropharynx are associated with antibiotic therapy in patients with acne. The clinical and long-term effects of this finding need to be studied further.


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