Lancet. 1978 Sep 16;2(8090):589-92.
Antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin production among isolates of Escherichia coli in the Far East.

Echeverria P, Verhaert L, Ulyangco CV, Komalarini S, Ho MT, Orskov F, Orskov I.

The frequency of association between transferable extrachromosomal D.N.A. (plasmid) mediated antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin productin is unknown. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 176 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from 57 children and adults in the Philippines, Korea, Taiwan, and Indonesia has been examined. 126 isolates (72%) were resistant to one or more antibiotic(s); 77 (44%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics. 43 E. coli which produced both heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, 110 isolates which produced only heat-labile toxin, and 23 which produced only heat-stable toxin were frequently resistant to multiple antibiotics. 25 of 31 resistant isolates tested, 80% transferred antibiotic resistance in bacterial mating experiments. In 35% of the matings transferring antibiotic resistance, the ability to produce enterotoxin was also conferred on the recipients. This in-vitro observation suggests that the widespread use of antibiotics could increase the distribution of enterotoxigenic E. coli, as genes coding for antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production are frequently transferred together.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=80523&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Jpn J Exp Med. 1978 Oct;48(5):401-10.
Immunological studies on CS-1170, a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic.

Iwata M, Matuhasi T.

The antigencity of CS-1170, a newly developed semi-synthetic cephamycin, and it's cross-reactivity with beta-lactam antibiotics were studied. The antigencity was confirmed by the following tests: 1)the passive hemagglutination test with anti-CS-1170 antisera of guinea pigs immunized with CS-1170 plus Freund complete adjuvant, 2)lymphocyte proliferation response in vitro stimulated with this drug in the guinea pigs, 3) the PCA test using mice immunized with CS-1170-protein conjugates. The antibody to CS-1170 appears to be directed to the acyl side chain because cyanomethylthioacetylglycine, an univalent acyl side chain of the CS-1170, can significantly cross-react with the antibody. A methoxy group on the C-7 alpha-position of the antibiotic plays no important part for the antigenic specificity of the molecule. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 with cefazolin, cephalothin, benzylpenicillin and ampicillin was only to a minimal extent in the passive hemagglutination test. The cross-reactivity of CS-1170 and the related antibiotics was not observed among them in the PCA system with IgE anti-CS-1170. These findings support a conclusion that CS-1170 is one of beta-lactam antibiotic with an immunologically minimal cross-reactivity to the related antibiotics.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=85734&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Jpn J Antibiot. 1979 Jul;32(7):720-8.
Neo-enactin, a new antifungal antibiotic potentiating polyene antifungal antibiotics. II. Taxonomic studies of the producing microorganism and simultaneous production of bleomycin group and streptothricin-like antibiotics.

Otani T, Ishimaru K, Kawakami Y, Yoshiyama H, Kondo H, Nakamura S.

A new antifungal antibiotic, named neo-enactin, was produced mainly in the mycelia of strain H 829-MY 10. Strain H 829-MY 10 was identified as a Streptoverticillium, determined to be nonchromogenic, and fits in the white color-series. Although Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli is known to be chromogenic, strain H 829-MY 10 is most related to that species. Thus, strain H 829-MY 10 is named as Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli subsp. neoenacticus. Besides neo-enactin, two bleomycin-group antibiotics and two streptothricin-like antibiotics were simultaneously produced by strain H 829-MY 10.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=90741&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Antibiotiki. 1978 Aug;23(8):700-5.
[Effect of different grades of agar-agar on the nature of the test microbe growth inhibition zones in controlling antibiotic activity by means of agar diffusion]

[Article in Russian]

Makarova RA, Chaikovskaia SM, Semenov SM, Vakulenko NA, Levkovich NM.

The effect of various agar grades on the size and margin character of the inhibition growth zones in assay of antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method was studied. It was shown that not all the agar grades could be used in antibiotic activity assay. Depending on the agar type the size of the inhibition growth zones produced by the same antibiotic concentration significantly varied. The variations in the size of the inhibition growth zones depended on the agar ability to bind antibiotics and were mainly defined by the agar purity. The agars with low content of nitrogen admixtures bound the antibiotics to a low extent. The commerical grades of the agars of the South-Sea and Korsakov Plants, the experimental grade of the TINRO agar with additional purification, as well as the agars imported from Argentina and France proved to be most useful for determination of the antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=99080&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



Biomaterials. 2003 May;24(10):1829-31.
Residual gentamicin-release from antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate beads after 5 years of implantation.

Neut D, van de Belt H, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands

In infected joint arthroplasty, high local levels of antibiotics are achieved through temporary implantation of non-biodegradable gentamicin-loaded polymethylmethacrylate beads. Despite their antibiotic release, these beads act as a biomaterial surface to which bacteria preferentially adhere, grow and potentially develop antibiotic resistance. In routine clinical practice, these beads are removed after 14 days, but for a variety of reasons, we were confronted with a patient in which these beads were left in situ for 5 years. Retrieval of gentamicin-loaded beads from this patient constituted an exceptional case to study the effects of long-term implantation on potentially colonizing microflora and gentamicin release. Gentamicin-release test revealed residual antibiotic release after being 5 years in situ and extensive microbiological sampling resulted in recovery of a gentamicin-resistant staphylococcal strain from the bead surface. This case emphasizes the importance of developing biodegradable antibiotic-loaded beads as an antibiotic delivery system.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12593965&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics [PubMed - in process]



Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999 Jan;34(1):92-7.
Penetration of antibiotics into the pancreas in rats: an effect of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

Spicak J, Martinek J, Zavada F, Moravek J, Melenovsky V.

IKEM, Clinic of Hepato-gastroenterology, Prague, Czech Republic.

BACKGROUND: Penetration of antibiotics into the pancreas is considered to be an important criterion in determining the most appropriate antibiotic treatment during severe acute pancreatitis. Our study investigated pancreatic penetration of five antibiotics in rats with and without acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) (non-pancreatitis rats (NR), pancreatitis rats (AP)). METHODS: ANP was induced by intraductal bile acid injection, and 3 h later the antibiotic was administered. In both NR and AP the antibiotic concentrations were evaluated in blood and pancreatic tissue 90 min after antibiotic administration. RESULTS: The tissue/serum (T/S) ratios for NR were 16% with amikacin, 24% with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, 27% with piperacillin, 59% with ofloxacin, and 108% with cefoperazone. The ratios for AP were 7%, 23%, 26%, 52%, and 70%, respectively. T/S ratios were similar for NR and AP except for amikacin, for which the T/S ratio was lower in AP than in NR (P = 0.02). Pancreatic tissue concentrations of antibiotics with high penetration rates (cefoperazone and ofloxacin) were sufficient to inhibit most of the pathogens expected during acute pancreatitis. The concentrations of the other antibiotics were less than the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for common potential pathogens in pancreatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: Cefoperazone and ofloxacin showed the best pancreatic penetration of the five antibiotics tested. The high concentrations of these antibiotics in the pancreatic tissue would have enabled efficient antibacterial activity against most of the potential pathogens causing pancreatic infection. An early stage of acute necrotizing pancreatitis did not have a major effect on the pancreatic concentrations of the antibiotics.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10048739&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics



JAMA. 1999 Feb 10;281(6):517-23.
Multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella and Escherichia coli in nursing homes.

Wiener J, Quinn JP, Bradford PA, Goering RV, Nathan C, Bush K, Weinstein RA.

Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Ill, USA.

CONTEXT: Infections caused by ceftazidime sodium-resistant gram-negative bacteria that harbor extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are increasing in frequency in hospitals in the United States. OBJECTIVES: To report a citywide nursing home-centered outbreak of infections caused by ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli and to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology of the outbreak. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study and a nursing home point-prevalence survey. Molecular epidemiological techniques were applied to resistant strains. SETTINGS: A 400-bed tertiary care hospital and a community nursing home. PATIENTS: Patients who were infected and/or colonized with ceftazidime-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or both and controls who were admitted from nursing homes between November 1990 and July 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and epidemiological factors associated with colonization or infection by ceftazidime-resistant E coli or K pneumoniae; molecular genetic characteristics of plasmid-mediated ceftazidime resistance. RESULTS: Between November 1990 and October 1992, 55 hospital patients infected or colonized with ceftazidime-resistant E coli, K pneumoniae, or both were identified. Of the 35 admitted from 8 nursing homes, 31 harbored the resistant strain on admission. All strains were resistant to ceftazidime, gentamicin, and tobramycin; 96% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 41% to ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. In a case-control study, 24 nursing home patients colonized with resistant strains on hospital admission were compared with 16 nursing home patients who were not colonized on hospital admission; independent risk factors for colonization included poor functional level, presence of a gastrostomy tube or decubitus ulcers, and prior receipt of ciprofloxacin and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In a nursing home point-prevalence survey, 18 of 39 patients were colonized with ceftazidime-resistant E coli; prior receipt of ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and presence of a gastrostomy tube were independent predictors of resistance. Plasmid studies on isolates from 20 hospital and nursing home patients revealed that 17 had a common 54-kilobase plasmid, which conferred ceftazidime resistance via the ESBL TEM-10, and mediated resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, and tobramycin; all 20 isolates harbored this ESBL. Molecular fingerprinting showed 7 different strain types of resistant K pneumoniae and E coli distributed among the nursing homes. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing home patients may be an important reservoir of ESBL-containing multiple antibiotic-resistant E coli and K pneumoniae. Widespread dissemination of a predominant antibiotic resistance plasmid has occurred. Use of broad-spectrum oral antibiotics and probably poor infection control practices may facilitate spread of this plasmid-mediated resistance. Nursing homes should monitor and control antibiotic use and regularly survey antibiotic resistance patterns among pathogens.


Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10022107&dopt=Abstract antibiotic, antibiotics